Oxime-substituted quinoxaline-type piperidine compounds as orl-1 modulators

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds, such as those of Formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 20 , R 21 , Q, Y 1 , Z, A, B, and a are as defined herein; compositions comprising an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, and methods to treat or prevent a condition, such as pain, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

1. FIELD

The disclosure relates to Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds, compositions comprising an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and methods to treat or prevent a condition, such as pain, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

2. BACKGROUND

Chronic pain is a major contributor to disability and is the cause of much suffering. The successful treatment of severe and chronic pain is a primary goal of the physician, with opioid analgesics being preferred drugs for doing so.

Three major classes of opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) have long been known, with each class having subtype receptors. These receptor classes are known as μ, κ and δ. As opiates have a high affinity for these receptors while not being endogenous to the body, research followed in order to identify and isolate the endogenous ligands to these receptors. These ligands were identified as endorphins, dynorphins and enkephalins, respectively.

Experimentation eventually led to the identification of an opioid receptor-like (ORL-1) receptor with a high degree of homology to the known receptor classes. The ORL-1 receptor was classified as an opioid receptor based only on structural grounds, as the receptor did not exhibit pharmacological homology. It was initially demonstrated that non-selective ligands having a high affinity for μ, κ and δ receptors had low affinity for the ORL-1 receptor. This characteristic, along with the fact that an endogenous ligand had not yet been discovered, led to the term “orphan receptor.” See, e.g., Henderson et al., “The orphan opioid receptor and its endogenous ligand-nociceptin/orphanin FQ,” Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 18(8):293-300 (1997).

Subsequent research led to the isolation and structure of the endogenous ligand of the ORL-1 receptor (i.e., nociceptin; also known as orphanin FQ (OFQ)). This ligand is a seventeen amino acid peptide structurally similar to members of the opioid peptide family.

The discovery of the ORL-1 receptor presents an opportunity in drug discovery for novel compounds that can be administered for pain management or other syndromes modulated by this receptor.

International PCT Publication Nos. WO 99/46260, WO 99/50254, WO 01/90102, WO 2005/028451, WO 2003/062234, and U.S. Pat. App. No. 2005/0256000, respectively, describe quinoxalines or derivatives thereof as (i) inhibitors of protein kinase C, (ii) serine protease inhibitors, (iii) herbicides, (iv) M2 acetylcholine receptor agonists, (v) medicaments for diseases involving poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and (vi) safeners for plants.

The publication of Baudy et al., “Prodrugs of Perzinfotel with Improved Oral Bioavailability,” J. Med. Chem. 52:771-778 (2009), describes prodrug derivatives of perzinfotel for increasing low oral bioavailability.

Citation of any reference in Section 2 of this application is not to be construed as an admission that such reference is prior art to the present application.

3. SUMMARY

In one aspect of the disclosure, new compounds that exhibit affinity for the ORL-1 receptor are described.

In some embodiments, such new compounds exhibit agonist activity or partial agonist activity at the ORL-1 receptor. In other embodiments, such new compounds exhibit agonist activity at the ORL-1 receptor. In other embodiments, such new compounds exhibit partial agonist activity at the ORL-1 receptor. In yet other embodiments, such new compounds exhibit antagonist activity at the ORL-1 receptor.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, such new compounds exhibit affinity for the ORL-1 receptor, and also for one or more of the μ, κ or δ receptors. In some embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure exhibits affinity for both the ORL-1 receptor and the μ receptor. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor agonist or partial agonist and as a μ receptor agonist or partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor agonist and as a μ receptor agonist or partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor partial agonist and as a μ receptor agonist or partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor agonist or partial agonist and as a μ receptor agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor agonist or partial agonist and as a μ receptor partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor agonist and as a μ receptor agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor agonist and as a μ receptor partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor partial agonist and as a μ receptor agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor partial agonist and as a μ receptor partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor agonist or partial agonist and as a μ receptor antagonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor agonist and as a μ receptor antagonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor partial agonist and as a μ receptor antagonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor antagonist and as a μ receptor agonist or partial agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor antagonist and as a μ receptor agonist. In other embodiments, a new compound of the disclosure acts as an ORL-1 receptor antagonist and as a μ receptor partial agonist.

Certain new compounds of the disclosure can be used to treat an animal suffering from chronic or acute pain.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, methods for treating chronic or acute pain in an animal by administering one or more Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds to an animal in need of such treatment are described. In certain embodiments, such new Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds effectively treat chronic or acute pain in the animal, while producing fewer or reduced side effects compared to previously available compounds.

Compounds of the disclosure include those of Formula (I):

wherein:

Q is fused benzo or fused (5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl;

each R² is independently selected from:

-   -   (a) -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —NO₂,         —N₃,—OT,—ST, —N(T)₂, —C(═Y)T, —C(═Y)YT, —YC(═Y)T, —YC(═Y)YT,         —C(═Y)N(T)₂, —N(T)C(═Y)T, —N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —YC(═Y)N(T)₂,         —N(T)C(═Y)YT, —S(═O)_(p)T, —S(═O)_(p)OT, —OS(═O)_(p)T,         —OS(═O)_(p)OT, —S(═O)_(p)N(T)₂, —N(T)S(═O)_(p)T,         —N(T)S(═O)_(p)N(T)₂, —OS(═O)_(p)N(T)₂, and —N(T)S(═O)_(p)OT;     -   (b) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl,         —(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl,         —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl,         —(C₇-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkenyl,         —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkoxy, -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, and -(7- to         10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted         or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵         groups; and     -   (c) -phenyl, -benzyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl, and -(5- or         6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁶ groups;

Y¹ and each Y are independently selected from O and S;

denotes a double bond or a single bond at its position, provided that

-   -   (a) if         denotes a double bond, then R³ and R⁴ are absent; and     -   (b) if         denotes a single bond, then R³ and R⁴ are present;

R³ and R⁴, if present, are independently selected from —H and —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from —OR⁷, —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —N(R⁷)₂, —C(═O)OR⁷, and —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂;

R²⁰ is selected from:

-   -   (a) —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl,         each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4         independently selected R⁵ groups;     -   (b) —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)T,         —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)T,         —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and         —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)YT;     -   (c) —(CH₂)_(d)YT, —Y(CH₂)_(e)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂,         —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, —Y(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, and —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)YT; and     -   (d) -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, and —NO₂;

R²¹ is selected from:

-   -   (a) —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl,         each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4         independently selected R⁵ groups;     -   (b) —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)T,         —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)T,         —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and         —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)YT; and     -   (c) —(CH₂)_(e)YT and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂;

A and B together form a (C₂-C₆)bridge, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 substituents independently selected from —OR⁷, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, and —CH₂(halo) and which bridge optionally contains a carbon-carbon double bond, —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—, wherein the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q ring is in the endo- or exo-configuration with respect to the A-B bridge;

Z is selected from a direct bond, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl-, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl-, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-Y—, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-C(═Y)Y—, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-YC(═Y)—, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-N(R⁷)—, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-C(═Y)N(R⁷)—, and —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-N(R⁷)C(═Y)—, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁸ groups;

R¹ is selected from —(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₇-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkenyl, —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkoxy, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, and -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups;

each T is independently selected from

-   -   (a) —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl,         —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, and -(5- or         6-membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups,         and, optionally, in which 1, 2, or 3 —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl carbon atoms         except the carbon atom bonded directly to the atom to which T is         attached is independently replaced by —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—; and     -   (b) -phenyl, -benzyl, -naphthyl, and -(5- or         6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or         substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁶ groups;         or

two occurrences of T attached to the same nitrogen atom together form a 4- to 8-membered (C₂-C₇)ring, wherein the number of atoms in the ring includes the nitrogen atom, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups, and wherein 1 or 2 of the ring carbon atoms is optionally and independently replaced by —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—;

each R⁵ is independently selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, ═O, ═S, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)OR⁷, —OC(═O)R⁷, —OC(═O)OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)C(═O)R⁷, —N(R⁷)C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —OC(═O)N(R⁷)₂, and —N(R⁷)C(═O)OR⁷;

each R⁶ is independently selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)OR⁷, —OC(═O)R⁷, —OC(═O)OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)C(═O)R⁷, —N(R⁷)C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —OC(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)C(═O)OR⁷, —S(═O)_(p)R⁷, —S(═O)_(p)OR⁷, —OS(═O)_(p)R⁷, —OS(═O)_(p)OR⁷, —S(═O)_(p)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)S(═O)_(p)R⁷, —N(R⁷)S(═O)_(p)N(R⁷)₂, —OS(═O)_(p)N(R⁷)₂, and —N(R⁷)S(═O)_(p)OR⁷;

each R⁷ is independently selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or two occurrences of R⁷ attached to the same nitrogen atom together form a 4- to 7-membered (C₂-C₆)ring, wherein the number of atoms in the ring includes the nitrogen atom, and wherein 1 or 2 of the ring carbon atoms is optionally and independently replaced by —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—;

each R⁸ is independently selected from -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, ═O, ═S, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy;

a is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4;

-   -   each d is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,         5, and 6;

each e is an integer independently selected from 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; and

each p is an integer independently selected from 1 and 2;

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof.

A compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof (referred to hereinafter as an “Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound”) is useful, e.g., as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anesthetic agent, neuroprotective agent, anti-hypertensive, an anxiolytic agent, an agent for appetite control, hearing regulator, anti-tussive, anti-asthmatic, modulator of locomotor activity, modulator of learning and memory, regulator of neurotransmitter release, regulator of hormone release, kidney function modulator, anti-depressant, agent to treat memory loss due to Alzheimer's disease and/or other dementias, anti-epileptic, anti-convulsant, agent to treat withdrawal from alcohol, agent to treat withdrawal from drug(s) of addiction, agent to control water balance, agent to control sodium excretion, and/or agent to control arterial blood pressure disorder(s).

An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is useful for treating and/or preventing pain (see e.g.; Courteix, et al. (2004) “Evidence for an exclusive antinociceptive effect of nociceptin/orphanin FQ, an endogenous ligand for the ORL1 receptor, in two animal models of neuropathic pain.” Pain, 110: 236-245; Reinscheid, et al. (1995). “Orphanin FQ: a neuropeptide that activates an opioid-like G protein-coupled receptor.” Science, 270: 792-794; Bignan et al. (2005). “Recent advances towards the discovery of ORL-1 receptor agonists and antagonists.” Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 15(4): 357-388; Meunier, et al. (1995). “Isolation and structure of the endogenous agonist of opioid receptor-like ORL1 receptor.” Nature, 377: 532-535; Briscini, et al (2002). “Up-regulation of ORL-1 receptors in spinal tissue of allodynic rats after sciatic nerve injury.” Eur. J. Pharmacol., 447: 59-65; Li, et al. (2004). “Role of nociceptin in the modulation of nociception in the arcuate nucleus of rats.” Brain Res., 1025: 67-74),

anxiety (see e.g., Jenck, et al. (1997). “Orphanin FQ acts as an anxiolytic to attenuate behavioral responses to stress.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 94: 14854-14858; Koster, et al. (1999). “Targeted disruption of the orphanin FQ/nociceptin gene increases stress susceptibility and impairs stress adaptation in mice.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96: 10444-10449; Griebel, et al. (1999). “Orphanin FQ, a novel neuropeptide with anti-stress-like activity.” Brain Res., 836: 221-224; Jenck, et al. (2000). “A synthetic agonist at the orphanin FQ/nociceptin receptor ORL1: Anxiolytic profile in the rat.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 97: 4938-4943),

cough (see e.g., Fischer, et al. (1998). “Nociceptin-induced inhibition of tachykinergic neurotransmission in guinea pig bronchus.” J. Pharmacol. Ther., 285: 902-907; Rizzi, et al. (1999). “Nociceptin receptor activation inhibits tachykinergic non adrenergic non cholinergic contraction of guinea pig isolated bronchus.” Life Sci., 64: L157-L163; Shah, et al. (1998). “Nociceptin inhibits non-cholinergic contraction in guinea-pig airway.” Br. J. Pharmacol., 125: 510-516; Patel, et al., (1997). “Naloxone-insensitive inhibition of acetylcholine release from parasympathetic nerves innervating guinea-pig trachea by the novel opioid, nociceptin.” Br. J. Pharmacol., 120: 735-736; Helyes, et al. (1997) “Inhibition by nociceptin of neurogenic inflammation and the release of SP and CGRP from sensory nerve terminals.” Br. J. Pharmacol., 121: 613-615; Nemeth, et al., (1998) “Inhibition of nociceptin on sensory neuropeptide release and mast cell-mediated plasma extravasation in rats.” Eur. J. Pharmacol., 347: 101-104; McLeod, et al. (2001). “Nociceptin inhibits cough in the guinea-pig by activation of ORL1 receptors.” Br. J. Pharmacol., 132: 1175-1178; Corboz, et al. (2000). “Nociceptin inhibits capsaicin-induced bronchoconstriction in isolated guinea pig lung.” Eur. J. Pharmacol., 402: 171-179),

gut motility disorders (such as diarrhea and constipation) (see e.g., Wang, et al. (1994). “cDNA cloning of an orphan opiate receptor gene family member and its splice variant.” FEBS Lett., 348: 75-79; Calo', et al. (1996). “The mouse deferens: a pharmacological preparation sensitive to nociceptin.” Eur. J. Pharmacol., 311: R3-R5; Zhang, et al. (1997). “Orphanin FQ has an inhibitory effect on the guinea pig ileum and the mouse vas deferens.” Brain Res., 772: 102-106; Osinski, et al. (1999). “Cloning, expression and functional role of a nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor in the porcine gastrointestinal tract.” Eur. J. Pharmacol., 365: 281-289; Yasdani, et al. (1999). “Functional significance of a newly discovered neuropeptide, orphanin FQ, in rat gastrointestinal motility.” Gastroenterology, 116: 108-117; Corbett, et al. (1998). “The pharmacological actions of nociceptin in the isolated colon of rat, mouse, and man.” Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 358(Suppl 1): P40.47; Osinski, et al. (1999). “Peripheral and central actions of orphanin FQ (nociceptin) on murine colon.” Am. J. Physiol., 276: G125-G131; Rizzi, et al. (1999). “[Nphe¹]nociceptin(1-13)NH₂ antagonizes nociceptin effects in the mouse colon.” Eur. J. Pharmacol., 285: R3-R5; Taniguchi, et al. (1998). “The effect of nociceptin an endogenous ligand for the ORL1 receptor, on rat colonic contraction and transit.” Eur. J. Pharmacol., 353: 265-271; Pheng, et al. (2000). “[Nphe¹]nociceptin(1-13)NH₂ selectively antagonizes nociceptin effects in the rabbit isolated ileum.” Eur. J. Pharmacol., 397: 383-388),

high blood pressure (see e.g., Champion & Kadowitz (1997). “Nociceptin, an endogenous ligand for the ORL1 receptor, has novel hypotensive activity in the rat.” Life Sci., 60: PL 241-245; Giuliani, et al. (1997). “Effect of nociceptin on heart rate and blood pressure in anaesthetized rats.” Eur. J. Pharmacol., 333: 177-179; Kapusta, et al. (1997). “Diuretic and antinatriuretic responses produced by the endogenous opioid-like peptide, noceptin (orphanin FQ).” Life Sci., 60: PL15-PL21; Kapusta, et al. (1999). “Central administration of [Phelpsi(CH₂—NH)Gly2]nociceptin(1-13)-NH₂ and orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N) produce similar cardiovascular and renal responses in conscious rats.” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 289: 173-180; Madeddu, et al. (1999). “Cardiovascular effects of nociceptin in unanesthetized mice.” Hypertension, 33: 914-919; Bigoni, et al. (1999). “Characterization of nociceptin receptors in the periphery: in vitro and in vivo studies.” Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 359: 160-167; Chu, et al. (1999) “Inhibition of cardiovascular activity following microinjection of novel opioid-like neuropeptide nociceptin (orphanin FQ) into the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla.” Brain Res., 829: 134-142; Chu, et al. (1999). “The nociceptin receptor-mediated inhibition of the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla neurons in vitro.” Eur. J. Pharmacol., 364: 49-53; Arndt, et al. (1999). “Nociceptin/orphanin FQ increases blood pressure and heart rate via sympathetic activation in sheep.” Peptides, 20: 465-470; Gumusel, et al. (1997). “Nociceptin: an endogenous agonist for central opioid-like-1 (ORL1) receptors possesses systemic vasorelaxant properties.” Life Sci., 69: PL141-PL145; Champion et al. (1998). “Nociceptin, a novel endogenous ligand for the ORL1 receptor, dilates isolated resistance arteries from the rat.” Regul. Peptides, 78: 69-74; Czapla, et al. (1997). “Decreases in systemic arterial and hindquarters perfusion pressure in response to nociceptin are not inhibited by naloxone in the rat.” Peptides, 18: 1197-1200; Armstead (1999), “Nociceptin/orphanin FQ dilates pial arteries by K(ATP) and k(ca) channel activation.” Brain Res., 835: 315-323; Bucher (1998), “ORL1 receptor-mediated inhibition by nociceptin of noradrenaline release from perivascular sympathetic nerve endings of the rat tail artery.” Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 358: 682-685; Champion et al. (1997). “Nociceptin, a novel endogenous ligand for the ORL1 receptor, has potent erectile activity in the cat.” Am. J. Physiol., 73: E214-E219),

epilepsy (see e.g., Nicol, et al. (1996), “Nociceptin induced inhibition of K+ evoked glutamate release from rat cerebrocortical slices.” Br. J. Pharmacol., 119: 1081-1083; Nicol, et al. (1998). “Nociceptin inhibits glutamate release from rat cerebellar slices.” Br. J. Pharmacol., 123: 217P; Allen, et al. (1999). “Orphanin-FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N) modulates the activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons.” J. Neurosci., 19: 2152-2160; Faber, et al. (1996). “Depression of glutamatergic transmission by nociceptin in the neonatal rat hemisected spinal cord preparation in vitro.” Br. J. Pharmacol., 119: 189-190; Vaughn, et al. (1997). “Actions of the ORL1 receptor ligand nociceptin on membrane properties of rat periaqueductal gray neurons in vitro.” J. Neurosci., 17: 996-1003; Wang, et al. (1996). “Nociceptin (orphanin FQ), and endogenous ligand for the ORL1 (opioid receptor-like-1) receptor, modulates responses of trigeminal neurons evoked by excitatory amino acids and somatosensory stimuli.” J. Neurophysiol., 76: 3568-3572; Yu & Xie (1998). “Orphanin FQ/nociceptin inhibits synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in rat dentate gyrus through postsynaptic mechanisms.” J. Neurophysiol., 80: 1277-1284; Bregola, et al. (1999). “Limbic seizures increase pronociceptin mRNA levels in the thalamic reticular nucleus.” Neuroreport, 19: 541-546; Sieklucka-Dziuba, et al. (2002). “Nociceptin, OP4 receptor ligand in different models of experimental epilepsy.” Peptides, 23: 497-505; Gutierrez, et al, (2001). “Orphanin FQ/nociceptin inhibits kindling epileptogenesis and enhances hippocampal feed-forward inhibition.” Neuroscience, 105: 325-333; Tallent, et al. (2001). “Nociceptin reduces epileptiform events in CA3 hippocampus via presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms.” J. Neurosci., 21: 6940-6948),

eating-related disorders (such as anorexia/cachexia and obesity) (see e.g., Pomonis, et al. (1996). “Orphanin FQ, agonist of orphan opioid receptor ORL1, stimulates feeding in rats.” Neuroreport, 8: 369-371; Stratford et al. (1997). “Injections of nociceptin into nucleus accumbens shell of ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus increase food intake.” Neuroreport, 8: 423-426; Lee, et al. (1997). “Nociceptin hyperpolarises neurones in the rat ventromedial hypothalamus.” Neurosci. Lett., 239: 37-40; Polidori, et al. (1999). “Sensitivity of brain sites to the orexigenic effect of nociceptin or of its analog [Phe]psi(CH₂—NH)Gly2]NC(1-13)NH₂ .” Regul. Peptides, 80:126; Polidori, et al. (2000). “Pharmacological characterization of the nociceptin receptor mediating hyperphagia: identification of a selective antagonist.” Psychopharmacology, 148: 430-437; Rowland, et al. (1996). “The physiology and brain mechanisms of feeding.” Nutrition, 12: 626-639),

urinary incontinence (see e.g., Giuliani, et al. (1998). “The inhibitory effect of nociceptin on the micturition reflex in anaesthetized.” Br. J. Pharmacol., 24: 1566-1572; Giuliani, et al. (1999). “Nociceptin protects capsaicin-sensitive afferent fibers in the rat urinary bladder from desensitization.” Nanyn Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol., 360: 202-208; Lecci, et al. (2000). “Multiple sites of action in the inhibitory effect of nociceptin on the micturition reflex.” J. Urology, 163: 638-645),

renal function (see e.g., Kapusta, et al. (1997). “Diuretic and antinatriuretic responses produced by the endogenous opioid-like peptide, noceptin (orphanin FQ).” Life Sci., 60: PL15-PL21; Kapusta, et al. (1999). “Central administration of [Phelpsi(CH2-NH)Gly2]nociceptin(1-13)-NH2 and orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N) produce similar cardiovascular and renal responses in conscious rats.” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 289: 173-180),

drug abuse (see e.g., Devine et al. (1996). “The novel neuropeptide orphanin FQ fails to produce conditioned place preference or aversion.” Brain Res., 727: 225-229; Ciccocioppo, et al. (1999). “Effect of nociceptin on alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring rats.” Psychopharmacology, 141: 220-224; Angeletti, et al., (1999). “Effect of nociceptin on morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats.” Regulatory Peptides, 80: 122; Murphy et al. (1999). “Orphanin FQ/nociceptin blocks acquisition of morphine place preference.” Brain Res., 832: 168-170; Pieretti & Di Giannuario (1999). “Orphanin FQ effects on morphine-induced dopamine release in the accumbens of rats.” Regulatory Peptides, 80: 126; Walker et al. (1998). “Nociceptin fails to affect heroin self-administration in the rat.” Neuroreport, 9: 2243-2247; Narayanan & Maidment (1999). “Orphanin FQ and behavioral sensitization to cocaine.” Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 63: 271-277),

memory disorders (see e.g., Sandin, et al. (1997). “Nociceptin/orphanin FQ microinjected into hippocampus impairs spatial learning in rats.” Eur. J. Neurosci., 9: 194-197; Yu, et al. (1997). “Orphanin FQ inhibits synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in rat hippocampus.” Hippocampus, 7: 88-94; Yu & Xie (1998). “Orphanin FQ/nociceptin inhibits synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in rat dentate gyms through postsynaptic mechanisms.” J. Neurophysiol., 80: 1277-1284; Manabe, et al. (1998). “Facilitation of long-term potentiation and memory in mice lacking nociceptin receptors.” Nature, 394: 577-581; Hiramatsu & Inoue (1999). “Effects of nocistatin on nociceptin-induced impairment of learning and memory in mice.” Eur. J. Pharmacol., 367: 151-155; Mamiya, et al. (1999). “Nociceptin system plays a role in the memory retention: involvement of naloxone benzoylhydrazone binding sites.” Neuroreport, 10: 1171-1175; Hiramatsu & Inoue (2000). “Improvement by low doses of nociceptin on scopolamine-induced impairment of learning and/or memory.” Eur. J. Pharmacol., 395: 149-156),

depression (see e.g. Rizzi, et al. (2011). “Nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor knockout rats: in vitro and in vivo studies.” Neuropharmacology, 60: 572-579; Goeldner, et al. (2010). “Endogenous nociceptin/orphanin-FQ in the dorsal hippocampus facilitates despair-related behavior.” Hippocampus, 20: 911-916; Vitale, et al. (2009). “Chronic treatment with the selective NOP receptor antagonist [Nphe 1, Arg 14, Lys 15]N/OFQ-NH2 (UFP-101) reverses the behavioural and biochemical effects of unpredictable chronic mild stress in rats.” Psychopharmacology, 207: 173-189; Zambello, et al. (2008). “Acute stress differentially affects corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA expression in the central amygdala of the ‘epressed’ flinders sensitive line and the control flinders resistant line rats.” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 32: 651-661; Gavioli & Cabo′ (2006). “Antidepressant—an anxiolytic-like effects of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor ligands.” Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 372: 319-330; Gavioli, et al. (2003). “Blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ-NOP receptor signalling produces antidepressant-like effects: pharmacological and genetic evidences from the mouse forced swimming test.” Eur. J. Neurosci., 17: 1987-1990),

dementia, or locomotor disorders (such as Parkinsonism) (see e.g., Reinscheid, et al. (1995). “Orphanin FQ: a neuropeptide that activates an opioidlike G protein-coupled receptor.” Science, 270: 792-794; Calo' et al. (1999). “Characterization of nociceptin receptors modulating locomotor activity in mice.” Fund. Clin. Pharmacol., 13-S1: S27.6; Devine, et al. (1996). “Rats rapidly develop tolerance to the locomotor-inhibiting effects of the novel neuropeptide orphanin FQ.” Neurochem. Res., 21: 1387-1396; Noble & Roques (1997). “Association of aminopeptidase N and endopeptidase 14.15 inhibitors potentiate behavioral effects mediated by nociceptin/orphanin FQ in mice.” FEBS Lett., 401: 227-229; Florin, et al. (1996). “Nociceptin stimulates locomotion and exploratory behaviour in mice.” Eur. J. Pharmacol., 317: 9-13) (each being a “Condition”) in an animal. For a general discussion of ORL-1 receptors, see Calo′ et al. (2000). “Pharmacology of nociceptin and its receptor: a novel therapeutic target.” Br. J. Pharmacol. 129: 1261-1283.

The present disclosure further provides compositions comprising an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The compositions are useful for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal.

The present disclosure further provides methods for treating or preventing a Condition, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

The present disclosure further provides Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds for use in the manufacture of a medicament useful for treating a Condition or for preventing a Condition.

The present disclosure further provides methods for inhibiting ORL-1 receptor function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing the ORL-1 receptor with an ORL-1 receptor function-inhibiting amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. The present disclosure further provides methods for activating ORL-1 receptor function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing the ORL-1 receptor with an ORL-1 receptor function-activating amount of as Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

The present disclosure further provides methods for preparing a composition, comprising the step of admixing an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

The present disclosure further provides a kit comprising a sterile container containing an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

The present disclosure further provides novel intermediates for use in making an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

The disclosure can be understood more fully by reference to the following detailed description and illustrative examples, which are intended to exemplify non-limiting embodiments of the disclosure.

4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION 4.1 Numbered Embodiments of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds

In certain embodiments, Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds include the following:

(1) Compounds of Formula (I):

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, as defined above (i.e., “Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds”).

(2) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 1, wherein Q is fused benzo or fused pyridyl.

(3) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 1 or 2, wherein Q is fused benzo.

(4) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 2, wherein the pyridyl nitrogen in the Q ring is in a 1,3-relationship with (a) the nitrogen atom bonded to the piperidine ring that bears A, B, and Z as substituents, or (b) the nitrogen atom bonded to R³.

(5) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-4, wherein Y¹ is O.

(6) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-5, wherein

denotes a double bond, and R³ and R⁴ are absent.

(7) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-5, wherein

denotes a single bond, and R³ and R⁴ are present.

(8) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-7, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(9) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of anyone of 1-8, wherein R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(10) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of anyone of 1-9, wherein R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted.

(11) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-9, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)YT.

(12) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 11, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

(13) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 11, wherein R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT.

(14) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 11, wherein R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

(15) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 11-14, wherein d in R²⁰ is 0, 1, or 2.

(16) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-7, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)YT, —Y(CH₂)_(e)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, —Y(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, and —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)YT.

(17) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 16, wherein R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂ and d in R²⁰ is 0.

(18) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-16, wherein all occurrences of Y in R²⁰ are O.

(19) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-7, wherein R²⁰ is selected from -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, and —NO₂.

(20) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-19, wherein R²¹ is selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(21) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-20, wherein R²¹ is —H or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(22) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-21, wherein R²¹ is —H.

(23) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-21, wherein R²¹ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted.

(24) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-21, wherein R²¹ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(25) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-21 or 24, wherein at least one of the R⁵ groups of R²¹ is —C(═O)OR⁷ or —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂.

(26) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-21 or 24, wherein at least one of the R⁵ groups of R²¹ is —OR⁷ or —N(R⁷)₂.

(27) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-19, wherein R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)YT.

(28) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-19 or 27, wherein R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

(29) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-19 or 28, wherein R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT.

(30) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-19 or 28, wherein R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

(31) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-19 or 28-30, wherein d in R²¹ is 1 or 2.

(32) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-19, wherein R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂ and —(CH₂)_(e)YT.

(33) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-19 or 32, wherein R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂.

(34) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-19 or 32, wherein R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(e)YT.

(35) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-19 or 32-34, wherein e in R²¹ is 2 or 3.

(36) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-19 or 27-35, wherein all occurrences of Y in R²¹ are O.

(37) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-36, wherein a is 0.

(38) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 1, wherein the compounds are of Formula (Ib):

(39) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 1 or 38, wherein the compounds are of Formula (Ib′):

(40) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38-39, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(41) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38-40, wherein R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(42) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38-41, wherein R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted.

(43) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38-39, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)YT.

(44) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39 or 43, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

(45) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39 or 43, wherein R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT.

(46) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39 or 43, wherein R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

(47) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39 or 43-46, wherein d in R²⁰ is 0, 1, or 2.

(48) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38-39, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)YT, —Y(CH₂)_(e)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, —Y(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, and —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)YT.

(49) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39 or 48, wherein R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂ and d in R²⁰ is 0.

(50) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39 or 43-48, wherein all occurrences of Y in R²⁰ are O.

(51) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38-39, wherein R²⁰ is selected from -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, and —NO₂.

(52) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38-39, wherein R²¹ is selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(53) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39 or 52, wherein R²¹ is —H or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(54) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39, 52 or 53, wherein R²¹ is —H.

(55) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39, 52 or 53, wherein R²¹ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted.

(56) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39, 52 or 53, wherein R²¹ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(57) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39, 52, 53 or 56, wherein at least one of the R⁵ groups of R²¹ is —C(═O)OR⁷ or —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂.

(58) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39, 52, 53 or 56, wherein at least one of the R⁵ groups of R²¹ is —OR⁷ or —N(R⁷)₂.

(59) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38-39, wherein R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)YT.

(60) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39 or 59, wherein R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

(61) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39, 59 or 60, wherein R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT.

(62) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39, 59 or 60, wherein R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

(63) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39 or 59-62, wherein d in R²¹ is 1 or 2.

(64) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38-39, wherein R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂ and —(CH₂)_(e)YT.

(65) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39 or 64, wherein R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂.

(66) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39 or 64, wherein R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(e)YT.

(67) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39 or 64-66, wherein e in R²¹ is 2 or 3.

(68) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38, 39 or 59-67, wherein all occurrences of Y in R²¹ are O.

(69) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 38-68, wherein a is 0.

(70) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-69, wherein

Z is a direct bond or —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁸ groups.

(71) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-70, wherein R¹ is selected from —(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, and —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(72) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-71, wherein R¹ is —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(73) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-72, wherein R¹ is —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups, which are selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, -halo, —OR⁷, and ═O.

(74) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-73, wherein R¹ is —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, which includes a bridging group in the bicyclic ring system.

(75) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-71, wherein R¹ is —(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(76) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-71 or 75 or, wherein R¹ is —(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted.

(77) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-76, wherein Z is a direct bond.

(78) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-72, wherein —Z—R¹ is:

(79) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-72, wherein —Z—R¹ is:

wherein R^(z) is —H or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

(80) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-72, wherein —Z—R¹ is selected from:

and

wherein each R^(z) is independently —H or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl.

(81) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-76, wherein Z is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁸ groups.

(82) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-76 or 81, wherein Z is —(C₁-C₃)alkyl-, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁸ groups.

(83) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-76 or 81-82, wherein Z is unsubstituted.

(84) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-76 or 81-83, wherein Z is —CH₂—CH₂—.

(85) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-74 or 81-84, wherein —Z—R¹ is:

wherein each R^(z) is independently selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —OH.

(86) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-71 or 76, wherein —Z—R¹ is selected from:

and

(87) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-86, wherein A and B together form a bridge such that the bridged-piperidine is:

or

wherein each R^(d) is independently selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, and —CH₂(halo), wherein the piperidine nitrogen is optionally in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.

(88) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-87, wherein A and B together form a bridge such that the bridged-piperidine is:

or

wherein the piperidine nitrogen is optionally in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.

(89) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-88, wherein the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q ring is in the endo-configuration with respect to the A-B bridge.

(90) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 1, wherein the compounds have the structure:

wherein M¹ is selected from:

and

and M² is selected from:

and

(91) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 1 or 90, wherein the compounds have the structure:

(92) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90-91, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(93) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90-92, wherein R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(94) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90-93, wherein R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted.

(95) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90-91, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)YT.

(96) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 95, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

(97) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 95, wherein R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT.

(98) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 95, wherein R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

(99) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 95-98, wherein d in R²⁰ is 0, 1, or 2.

(100) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 90-91, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)YT, —Y(CH₂)_(e)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, —Y(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, and —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)YT.

(101) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 100, wherein R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂ and d in R²⁰ is 0.

(102) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 95-100, wherein all occurrences of Y in R²⁰ are O.

(103) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 90-91, wherein R²⁰ is selected from -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, and —NO₂.

(104) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 90-91, wherein R²¹ is selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(105) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 104, wherein R²¹ is —H or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(106) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 105, wherein R²¹ is —H.

(107) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 105, wherein R²¹ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted.

(108) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 105, wherein R²¹ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

(109) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91, 105 or 108, wherein at least one of the R⁵ groups of R²¹ is —C(═O)OR⁷ or —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂.

(110) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91, 105 or 108, wherein at least one of the R⁵ groups of R²¹ is —OR⁷ or —N(R⁷)₂.

(111) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 90-91, wherein R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)YT.

(112) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 111, wherein R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

(113) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91, 111 or 112, wherein R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT.

(114) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91, 111 or 112, wherein R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

(115) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 111-114, wherein d in R²¹ is 1 or 2.

(116) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of 90-91, wherein R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂ and —(CH₂)_(e)YT.

(117) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 116, wherein R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂.

(118) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90, 91 or 116, wherein R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(e)YT.

(119) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of any one of 90, 91, 111 or 116-118, wherein e in R²¹ is 2 or 3.

(120) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 111-119, wherein all occurrences of Y in R²¹ are O.

(121) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 90-120, wherein a is 0.

(122) An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound selected from:

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof

(123) The Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of 122 selected from:

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof

(124) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-123, wherein the compounds are pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

(125) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-124, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salts are hydrochloride salts.

(126) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-125, wherein the % de of the compounds are at least about 95%.

(127) Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of any one of 1-126, wherein the % de of the compounds are at least about 99%.

(128) A composition comprising an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of any one of 1-127 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

(129) A method for preparing a composition, comprising the step of admixing an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of any one of 1-127 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

(130) A method for modulating ORL-1 receptor function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing the ORL-1 receptor with an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of any one of 1-127.

(131) The method of 130, wherein the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound acts as an agonist at the ORL-1 receptor.

(132) The method of 130, wherein the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound acts as a partial agonist at the ORL-1 receptor.

(133) The method of 130, wherein the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound acts as an antagonist at the ORL-1 receptor.

(134) A method for treating pain in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of any one of 1-127.

(135) A method for treating a memory disorder, obesity, constipation, depression, Parkinsonism, anxiety, cough, diarrhea, high blood pressure, epilepsy, anorexia/cachexia, urinary incontinence, drug abuse, a sleep disorder (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,003,669), a metabolic disorder (see e.g., Matsushita, et al. (2009). “Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of nociceptin/orphanin FQ produces body weight gain by affecting both feeding and energy metabolism in mice.” Endocrinology, 150: 2668-2673; Cifani, et al. (2009). “Nociceptin/orphanin FQ-induced food intake and cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript gene expression in strains derived from rats prone (WOKW) and resistant (Dark Agouti) to metabolic syndrome.” Peptides, 30: 727-734; Hantos, et al. (2002). “Elevated plasma nociceptin level in patients with Wilson disease.” Brain Res. Bull., 58: 311-313), a renal disorder, or a cardiovascular disorder in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of any one of 1-127.

(136) Use of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of any one of 1-127 in the manufacture of a medicament useful for treating pain, a memory disorder, obesity, constipation, depression, dementia, Parkinsonism, anxiety, cough, diarrhea, high blood pressure, epilepsy, anorexia/cachexia, urinary incontinence, drug abuse, a sleep disorder, a metabolic disorder, a renal disorder, or a cardiovascular disorder.

(137) The use of 136 for treating pain.

(138) An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of any one of 1-127 for use in the treatment of pain, a memory disorder, obesity, constipation, depression, dementia, Parkinsonism, anxiety, cough, diarrhea, high blood pressure, epilepsy, anorexia/cachexia, urinary incontinence, drug abuse, a sleep disorder, a metabolic disorder, a renal disorder, or a cardiovascular disorder.

(139) The Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of 138 for use in treating pain.

(140) A kit, comprising a container containing an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound of any one of 1-127.

4.2 General Embodiments of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

As stated above, the present disclosure encompasses Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of Formula (I):

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R²⁰, R²¹, Q, Y¹, Z, A, B, and a are as defined herein.

In certain embodiments, Q is fused benzo or fused pyridyl. In some embodiments, Q is fused benzo. In other embodiments, Q is a fused (5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, such as fused pyridyl, furyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolidinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2,3-dihydrofuranyl, dihydropyranyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like.

In some embodiments, Q is fused pyridyl, such as wherein the pyridyl nitrogen in the Q ring is in a 1,3 or 1,4 or 1,5 or 1,6-relationship with the nitrogen atom bonded to the piperidine ring that bears A, B, and Z. In certain embodiments, the pyridyl nitrogen in the Q ring is in a 1,3-relationship with the nitrogen atom bonded to the piperidine ring that bears A, B, and Z. In some embodiments, Q is fused pyridyl, such as wherein the pyridyl nitrogen in the Q ring is in a 1,3 or 1,4 or 1,5 or 1,6-relationship with the nitrogen atom bonded to R³. In certain embodiments, the pyridyl nitrogen in the Q ring is in a 1,3-relationship with the nitrogen atom bonded to R³. In some embodiments, the pyridyl nitrogen in the Q ring is in a 1,3-relationship with (a) the nitrogen atom bonded to the piperidine ring that bears A, B, and Z as substituents, or (b) the nitrogen atom bonded to R³.

In certain embodiments a is 0. In other embodiments, a is 1, 2, 3, or 4. For example, in some embodiments, a is 1, in other embodiments, a is 2, in other embodiments, a is 3, and in other embodiments, a is 4.

In some embodiments when a is 1, 2, 3, or 4, each R² is independently selected from -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —OT, —ST, —N(T)₂, —C(═Y)T, —C(═Y)YT, —YC(═Y)T, —YC(═Y)YT, —C(═Y)N(T)₂, —N(T)C(═Y)T, —N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —YC(═Y)N(T)₂, —N(T)C(═Y)YT, —S(═O)_(p)T, —S(═O)_(p)OT, —OS(═O)_(p)T, —OS(═O)_(p)OT, —S(═O)_(p)N(T)₂, —N(T)S(═O)_(p)T, —N(T)S(═O)_(p)N(T)₂, —OS(═O)_(p)N(T)₂, and —N(T)S(═O)_(p)OT, particularly -halo, —OT, —N(T)₂, —C(═Y)T, —C(═Y)YT, —YC(═Y)T, —C(═Y)N(T)₂, and —N(T)C(═Y)T, such as halo, —OH, —NH₂, —N(H)((C₁-C₁₀)alkyl)), and —N((C₁-C₁₀)alkyl)₂.

In other embodiments when a is 1, 2, 3, or 4, each R² is independently selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₇-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkenyl, —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkoxy, -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, and -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In certain embodiments, when a is 1, 2, 3, or 4, each R² is independently selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl and —(C₁-C₆)alkoxy unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

In other embodiments when a is 1, 2, 3, or 4, each R² is independently selected from -phenyl, -benzyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl, and -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁶ groups. In other embodiments when a is 1, 2, 3, or 4, each R² is independently selected from -phenyl or -benzyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, a is 1 and R² is halo, for example, fluoro, chloro, or bromo.

In some embodiments, Y¹ is O. In other embodiments, Y¹ is S.

In certain embodiments,

denotes a double bond, and R³ and R⁴ are absent. Hence, in some embodiments, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is of Formula (Ia):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (Ia), Y¹ is O, and the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is a compound of Formula (Ib):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (Ib), Q is benzo, and the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is a compound of Formula (Ib′):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof

In other embodiments,

denotes a single bond, and R³ and R⁴ are present. Hence, in some embodiments, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is of Formula (Ic):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (Ic), Y¹ is O, and the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is a compound of Formula (Id):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof

In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (Id), Q is benzo, and the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is a compound of Formula (Id′):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof

In embodiments wherein R³ and R⁴ are present, R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H and —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from —OR⁷, —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —N(R⁷)₂, —C(═O)OR⁷, and —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂.

In some embodiments, R³ is —H. In other embodiments, R³ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl which is unsubstituted. In other embodiments, R³ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl which is substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from —OR⁷ (for example, —OH), —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy (for example, methoxy and ethoxy), —N(R⁷)₂ (for example, —NH₂, —N(H)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, such as —NHCH₃, —N(CH₃)₂, —NH(CH₂CH₃), and —N(CH₂CH₃)₂), —C(═O)OR⁷ (for example, —C(═O)OH or —C(═O)O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as —C(═O)OCH₃ and —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃), and —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂ (for example, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —C(═O)N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, such as —C(═O)N(H)CH₃, —C(═O)N(CH₃)₂, —C(═O)N(H)CH₂CH₃, and —C(═O)N(CH₂CH₃)₂).

In certain embodiments, R⁴ is —H. In other embodiments, R⁴ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl which is unsubstituted. In other embodiments, R⁴ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl which is substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from —OR⁷ (for example, —OH), —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy (for example, methoxy and ethoxy), —N(R⁷)₂ (for example, —NH₂, —N(H)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, such as —NHCH₃, —N(CH₃)₂, —NH(CH₂CH₃), and —N(CH₂CH₃)₂), —C(═O)OR⁷ (for example, —C(═O)OH and —C(═O)O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as —C(═O)OCH₃ and —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃), and —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂ (for example, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —C(═O)N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, such as —C(═O)N(H)CH₃, —C(═O)N(CH₃)₂, —C(═O)N(H)CH₂CH₃, and —C(═O)N(CH₂CH₃)₂).

In some embodiments, both R³ and R⁴ are —H. In certain embodiments, R³ is —H and R⁴ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl which is unsubstituted. In some embodiments, R³ is —H and R⁴ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl which substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from —OR⁷, —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —N(R⁷)₂, —C(═O)OR⁷, and —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂. In certain embodiments, R³ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl which is unsubstituted and R⁴ is —H. In some embodiments, R³ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl which substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from —OR⁷, —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —N(R⁷)₂, —C(═O)OR⁷, and —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂ and R⁴ is —H.

In some embodiments, R²⁰ is selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In certain embodiments, R²⁰ is selected from —H and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

In certain embodiments, R²⁰ is —H. In other embodiments, is R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. For example, in certain embodiments, R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, etc. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, etc., which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

In certain embodiments, R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, -halo, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, ═O, ═S, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)OR⁷, —OC(═O)R⁷, —OC(═O)OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)C(═O)R⁷, —N(R⁷)C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —OC(═O)N(R⁷)₂, and —N(R⁷)C(═O)OR⁷, such as —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, -halo, —OR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, ═O, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)OR⁷, —OC(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, and —N(R⁷)C(═O)R⁷. In some embodiments, R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, ═O, ═S, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)OR⁷, —OC(═O)R⁷, —OC(═O)OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)C(═O)R⁷, —N(R⁷)C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —OC(═O)N(R⁷)₂, and —N(R⁷)C(═O)OR⁷, such as —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —OR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, ═O, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)OR⁷, —OC(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, and —N(R⁷)C(═O)R⁷. In certain embodiments, R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups selected from —OR⁷ (for example, —OH, methoxy, and ethoxy), —N(R⁷)₂ (for example, —NH₂, —N(H)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, such as —NHCH₃, —N(CH₃)₂, —NH(CH₂CH₃), and —N(CH₂CH₃)₂), and ═O. In certain embodiments, at least one of the R⁵ groups of R²⁰ is —OR⁷ or —N(R⁷)₂. In some embodiments, R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups selected from —C(═O)R⁷ (for example, —C(═O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as —C(═O)CH₃ and —C(═O)CH₂CH₃), —C(═O)OR⁷ (for example, —C(═O)OH and —C(═O)O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as —C(═O)OCH₃ and —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃), and —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂ (for example, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —C(═O)N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, such as —C(═O)N(H)CH₃, —C(═O)N(CH₃)₂, —C(═O)N(H)CH₂CH₃, and —C(═O)N(CH₂CH₃)₂). In certain embodiments, at least one of the R⁵ groups of R²⁰ is —C(═O)OR⁷ or —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂.

In some embodiments, R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)YT, particularly —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂. In certain embodiments, R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT or —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂. In some embodiments, R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

In some embodiments, one or more occurrences of Y in R²⁰ is O. For example, in certain embodiments, all occurrences of Y in R²⁰ are O. In some embodiments, R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OT, —(CH₂)_(d)OC(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(d)OC(═O)OT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═O)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)OC(═O)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═O)OT, particularly —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OT, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(T)₂. In certain embodiments, R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OT, for example, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OH and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OCH₃ and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OCH₂CH₃. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(T)₂, for example, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(H)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, such as —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(H)CH₃, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(CH₃)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(H)CH₂CH₃, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(CH₂CH₃)₂.

In some embodiments, R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)YT, —Y(CH₂)_(e)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, —Y(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, and —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)YT, such as —(CH₂)_(d)OT, —O(CH₂)_(e)OT, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, —O(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, and —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)OT. In certain embodiments, R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)YT, for example, —(CH₂)_(d)OT, such as —(CH₂)_(d)OH, —(CH₂)_(d)OCH₃, and —(CH₂)_(d)OCH₂CH₃, for example, —OH, methoxy, and ethoxy. In other embodiments, R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, for example, —(CH₂)_(d)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(d)N(H)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —(CH₂)_(d)N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, such as —NH₂, —N(H)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, such as —N(H)CH₃, —N(CH₃)₂, —N(H)CH₂CH₃, and —N(CH₂CH₃)₂. In some embodiments, R²⁰ is selected from —Y(CH₂)_(e)YT (for example, —O(CH₂)_(e)OT), —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, —Y(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂ (for example, —O(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂), and —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)YT (for example, —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)OT). In certain embodiments, R²⁰ is —(CH₂)_(d)OT or —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, particularly —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, and d in R²⁰ is 0.

In certain embodiments, R²⁰ is selected from

-   -   (a) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1,         2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups;     -   (b) —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)T,         —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)T,         —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and         —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)YT; and     -   (c) —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, and —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)YT.

In some embodiments, R²⁰ is selected from

-   -   (a) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1,         2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups;     -   (b) —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, and         —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂; and     -   (c) —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, and —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)YT.

In certain embodiments, d in R²⁰ is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, for example, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, such as 0, 1, 2, or 3, in particular, 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, d in R²⁰ is 0. In some embodiments, d in R²⁰ is 1. In some embodiments, d in R²⁰ is 2. In some embodiments, d in R²⁰ is 3. In some embodiments, d in R²⁰ is 4. In some embodiments, d in R²⁰ is 5. In some embodiments, d in R²⁰ is 6.

In certain embodiments, e in R²⁰ is 2, 3, 4, or 5, for example, 2, 3, or 4, such as 2 or 3. In some embodiments, e in R²⁰ is 2. In some embodiments, e in R²⁰ is 3. In some embodiments, e in R²⁰ is 4. In some embodiments, e in R²⁰ is 5. In some embodiments, e in R²⁰ is 6.

In some embodiments, R²⁰ is selected from -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, and —NO₂. In certain embodiments, R²⁰ is selected from —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), and —CN. In some embodiments, R²⁰ is -halo, such as —Cl or —Br. In some embodiments, R²⁰ is —C(halo)₃, such as —CF₃.

In certain embodiments, one or more or all occurrences of T in R²⁰ is selected from —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, (C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, and -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups, and, optionally, in which 1, 2, or 3 —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl carbon atoms except the carbon atom bonded directly to the atom to which T is attached is independently replaced by —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—. In some embodiments, one or more or all occurrences of T in R²⁰ is selected from —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In some embodiments, one or more or all occurrences of T in R²⁰ is —H. In some embodiments, one or more or all occurrences of T in R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which are unsubstituted. In some embodiments, one or more or all occurrences of T in R²⁰ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which are substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

In some embodiments, R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OT, —(CH₂)_(d)OC(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(d)OC(═O)OT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═O)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)OC(═O)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═O)OT, particularly —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OT, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(T)₂, wherein one or more or all occurrences of T in R²⁰ is selected from —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl (such as —(C₁-C₆)alkyl or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl), which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

In some embodiments, R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)OT, —O(CH₂)_(e)OT, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, —O(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, and —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)OT, particularly —(CH₂)_(d)OT and —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, wherein one or more or all occurrences of T in R²⁰ is selected from —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

In some embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

For example, in certain embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

In some embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

For example, in certain embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

In some embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

wherein R is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected

R⁵ groups. In certain embodiments, R is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which is unsubstituted, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl, particularly methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or i-propyl. In other embodiments, R is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁵ groups. In certain embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

In some embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

For example, in certain embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

In some embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

For example, in certain embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

In some embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

For example, in certain embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

In some embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

For example, in certain embodiments, R²⁰ has a structure selected from:

and

In certain embodiments, R²⁰ includes one or more functional groups capable of forming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt or a pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt. For example, in some embodiments, R²⁰ includes one or more carboxylic acid groups, and in some embodiments, one or more of such carboxylic acid groups forms a pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt, such as a sodium salt. Similarly, in some embodiments, R²⁰ includes one or more substituted or unsubstituted amine groups, and in some embodiments, one or more of such amine groups forms a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt, such as a HCl salt.

In some embodiments, R²¹ is selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In certain embodiments, R²¹ is selected from —H and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

In certain embodiments, R²¹ is —H. In other embodiments, R²¹ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. For example, in certain embodiments, R²¹ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl which is unsubstituted, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, etc. In other embodiments, R²¹ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, etc., which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

In certain embodiments, R²¹ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, -halo, —OR⁷, —SW, —N(R⁷)₂, ═O, ═S, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)OR⁷, —OC(═O)R⁷, —OC(═O)OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)C(═O)R⁷, —N(R⁷)C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —OC(═O)N(R⁷)₂, and —N(R⁷)C(═O)OR⁷, such as —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, -halo, —OR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, ═O, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)OR⁷, —OC(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, and —N(R⁷)C(═O)R⁷. In some embodiments, R²¹ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups selected from —OR⁷ (for example, —OH, methoxy, and ethoxy), —N(R⁷)₂ (for example, —NH₂, —N(H)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, such as —NHCH₃, —N(CH₃)₂, —NH(CH₂CH₃), and —N(CH₂CH₃)₂), and ═O. In certain embodiments, at least one of the R⁵ groups of R²¹ is —OR⁷ or —N(R⁷)₂. In some embodiments, R²¹ is —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups selected from —C(═O)R⁷ (for example, —C(═O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as —C(═O)CH₃ and —C(═O)CH₂CH₃), —C(═O)OR⁷ (for example, —C(═O)OH and —C(═O)O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as —C(═O)OCH₃ and —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃), and —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂ (for example, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —C(═O)N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, such as —C(═O)N(H)CH₃, —C(═O)N(CH₃)₂, —C(═O)N(H)CH₂CH₃, and —C(═O)N(CH₂CH₃)₂). In certain embodiments, at least one of the R⁵ groups of R²¹ is —C(═O)OR⁷ or —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂.

In some embodiments, R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)YT, particularly —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂. In certain embodiments, R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT or —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂. In some embodiments, R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT. In other embodiments, R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂.

In some embodiments, one or more occurrences of Y in R²¹ is O. For example, in certain embodiments, all occurrences of Y in R²¹ are O. In some embodiments, R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OT, —(CH₂)_(e)OC(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(d)OC(═O)OT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═O)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)OC(═O)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═O)OT, particularly —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OT, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(T)₂. In certain embodiments, R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OT, for example, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OH and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OCH₃ and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OCH₂CH₃. In other embodiments, R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(T)₂, for example, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(H)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, such as —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(H)CH₃, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(CH₃)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(H)CH₂CH₃, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(CH₂CH₃)₂.

In some embodiments, R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(e)YT and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂. In certain embodiments, R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(e)YT, for example, —(CH₂)_(e)OT, such as —(CH₂)_(e)OH, —(CH₂)_(e)OCH₃, and —(CH₂)_(e)OCH₂CH₃. In other embodiments, R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, for example, —(CH₂)_(e)NH₂, —(CH₂)_(e)N(H)(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —(CH₂)_(e)N((C₁-C₆)alkyl)₂, such as —(CH₂)_(e)N(H)CH₃, —(CH₂)_(e)N(CH₃)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)N(H)CH₂CH₃, and —(CH₂)_(e)N(CH₂CH₃)₂.

In certain embodiments, R²¹ is selected from

-   -   (a) —H and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted         with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups;     -   (b) —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)T,         —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)T,         —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and         —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)YT; and     -   (c) —(CH₂)_(e)YT and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂.

In some embodiments, R²¹ is selected from

-   -   (a) —H and —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted         with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups;     -   (b) —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, and         —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂; and     -   (c) —(CH₂)_(e)YT and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂.

In certain embodiments, d in R²¹ is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, for example, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, such as 0, 1, 2, or 3, in particular, 0, 1, or 2. In some embodiments, d in R²¹ is 0. In some embodiments, d in R²¹ is 1. In some embodiments, d in R²¹ is 2. In some embodiments, d in R²¹ is 3. In some embodiments, d in R²¹ is 4. In some embodiments, d in R²¹ is 5. In some embodiments, d in R²¹ is 6.

In certain embodiments, e in R²¹ is 2, 3, 4, or 5, for example, 2, 3, or 4, such as 2 or 3. In some embodiments, e in R²¹ is 2. In some embodiments, e in R²¹ is 3. In some embodiments, e in R²¹ is 4. In some embodiments, e in R²¹ is 5. In some embodiments, e in R²¹ is 6.

In certain embodiments, one or more or all occurrences of T in R²¹ is selected from —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, (C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, and -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups, and, optionally, in which 1, 2, or 3 —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl carbon atoms except the carbon atom bonded directly to the atom to which T is attached is independently replaced by —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—. In some embodiments, one or more or all occurrences of T in R²¹ is selected from —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In some embodiments, one or more or all occurrences of T in R²¹ is —H. In some embodiments, one or more or all occurrences of T in R²¹ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which are unsubstituted. In some embodiments, one or more or all occurrences of T in R²¹ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which are substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

In some embodiments, R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OT, —(CH₂)_(e)OC(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(e)OC(═O)OT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═O)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)OC(═O)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═O)OT, particularly —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)OT, and —(CH₂)_(d)C(═O)N(T)₂, wherein one or more or all occurrences of T in R²¹ is selected from —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl (such as —(C₁-C₆)alkyl or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl), which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

In some embodiments, R²¹ is selected —(CH₂)_(e)OT and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, wherein one or more or all occurrences of T in R²¹ is selected from —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl (such as —(C₁-C₆)alkyl or —(C₁-C₄)alkyl), which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

In some embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

For example, in certain embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

In some embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

For example, in certain embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

In some embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

wherein R is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁵ groups. In certain embodiments, R is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which is unsubstituted, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl, particularly methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or i-propyl. In other embodiments, R is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁵ groups. In certain embodiments, R^(2′) has a structure selected from:

and

In some embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

wherein each R is independently —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁵ groups. In certain embodiments, one or both occurrences of R are —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which is unsubstituted, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl, particularly methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or i-propyl. In other embodiments, one or both occurrences of R are —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which is substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁵ groups. In some embodiments, both occurrences of R are methyl. In certain embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

In some embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

For example, in certain embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

In some embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

For example, in certain embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

In some embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

particularly

and

For example, in certain embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

In some embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

particularly

and

For example, in certain embodiments, R²¹ has a structure selected from:

and

In certain embodiments, R²¹ includes one or more functional groups capable of forming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt or a pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt. For example, in some embodiments, R²¹ includes one or more carboxylic acid groups, and in some embodiments, one or more of such carboxylic acid groups forms a pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt, such as a sodium salt. Similarly, in some embodiments, R²¹ includes one or more substituted or unsubstituted amine groups, and in some embodiments, one or more of such amine groups forms a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt, such as a HCl salt.

In certain embodiments, A and B together form a (C₂-C₆)bridge, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 substituents independently selected from —OR⁷, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, and —CH₂(halo) and which bridge optionally contains a carbon-carbon double bond, —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—. In some embodiments, the A-B bridge is unsubstituted. In other embodiments, the A-B bridge is substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 substituents independently selected from —OR⁷ (e.g., —OH), —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, and —CH₂(halo), particularly —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl including all structural isomers of any of these, particularly methyl. In some embodiments, the A-B bridge contains a carbon-carbon double bond, such as a cis-carbon-carbon double bond. In certain embodiments, the A-B bridge contains a —Y— group, such as —O—. In some embodiments, the A-B bridge contains a —N(R⁷)— group.

In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₂)bridge which bridge is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₂)bridge which bridge is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₂)bridge which bridge is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₃)bridge which bridge is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₃)bridge which bridge is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₃)bridge which bridge is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₄)bridge which bridge is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₄)bridge which bridge is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₄)bridge which bridge is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₅)bridge which bridge is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₅)bridge which bridge is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₅)bridge which bridge is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₆)bridge which bridge is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₆)bridge which bridge is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₆)bridge which bridge is substituted by one or two methyl groups.

In some embodiments, A-B together form a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene bridge, such as a substituted or unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)alkylene bridge, such as a substituted or unsubstituted methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, or n-butylene bridge, particularly a substituted or unsubstituted ethylene or n-propylene bridge.

In certain embodiments, A-B together form a substituted or unsubstituted (C₃)bridge, for example a (C₃)bridge which bridge is unsubstituted, such as —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—.

In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₂)bridge which bridge is —HC═CH— and is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₂)bridge which bridge is —HC═CH— and is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₂)bridge which is —HC═CH— and is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₃)bridge which is —CH₂—HC═CH— or —HC═CH—CH₂— and is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₃)bridge which is —CH₂—HC═CH— or —HC═CH—CH₂— and is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₃)bridge which is —CH₂—HC═CH— or —HC═CH—CH₂— and is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₄)bridge which is —CH₂—CH₂—HC═CH—, —CH₂—HC═CH—CH₂—, or —HC═CH—CH₂—CH₂— and is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₄)bridge which is —CH₂—CH₂—HC═CH—, —CH₂—HC═CH—CH₂—, or —HC═CH—CH₂—CH₂— and is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₄)bridge which is —CH₂—CH₂—HC═CH—, —CH₂—HC═CH—CH₂—, or —HC═CH—CH₂—CH₂— and is substituted by one or two methyl groups.

In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₂)bridge which is —CH₂—O—CH₂— and is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₂)bridge which is —CH₂—O—CH₂— and is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₂)bridge which is —CH₂—O—CH₂— and is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₃)bridge which is —CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂— or —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂— and is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₃)bridge which is —CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂— or —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂— and is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₃)bridge which is —CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂— or —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂— and is substituted by one or two methyl groups. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₄)bridge which is —CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂—, or —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂— and is substituted or unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₄)bridge which is —CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂—, or —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂— and is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, A-B together form a (C₄)bridge which is —CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂—, or —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂— and is substituted by one or two methyl groups.

In another embodiment, A-B together form a —CH₂—NH—CH₂— bridge. In another embodiment, A-B together form a —CH₂—N(CH₃)—CH₂— bridge. In another embodiment, A-B together form a —CH₂—N(CH₂CH₃)—CH₂— bridge.

In another embodiment, A and B together form a bridge such that the bridged-piperidine is:

or

wherein each R^(d) is independently selected from —H, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl (such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl including all structural isomers of any of these), -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, and —CH₂(halo), wherein the piperidine nitrogen is optionally in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form. In another embodiment, A and B together form a bridge such that the bridged-piperidine is:

or

wherein the piperidine nitrogen is optionally in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.

In another embodiment, A and B together form a bridge such that the bridged-piperidine is:

or

particularly

such as

or

wherein the piperidine nitrogen is optionally in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.

In certain embodiments, the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q ring is in the endo-configuration with respect to the A-B bridge, i.e., the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q ring and the A-B bridge are on the same side of the piperidine ring. In other embodiments, the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q ring is in the exo-configuration with respect to the A-B bridge, i.e., the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q ring and the A-B bridge are on opposite sides of the piperidine ring.

In some embodiments, Z is a direct bond. In other embodiments, Z is selected from —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl-, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl-, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-Y—, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-C(═Y)Y—, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-YC(═Y)—, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-N(R⁷)—, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-C(═Y)N(R⁷)—, and —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-N(R⁷)C(═Y)—, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁸ groups. In certain embodiments, Z is selected from —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-Y—, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-C(═Y)Y—, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-YC(═Y)—, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-N(R⁷)—, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-C(═Y)N(R⁷)—, and —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-N(R⁷)C(═Y)—, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁸ groups. In certain embodiments, Z is selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-Y—, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═Y)Y—, —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-YC(═Y)—, —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁷)—, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-C(═Y)N(R⁷)—, and —(C₂-C₆)alkyl-N(R⁷)C(═Y)—, particularly —(C₁-C₆)alkyl-, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁸ groups.

In some embodiments, Z is —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl-. In another embodiment, Z is —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-. In another embodiment, Z is —CH₂—CH═CH—. In another embodiment, Z is —CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂—. In another embodiment, Z is a —(C₃)alkenyl-.

In another embodiment, Z is —CH₂—CH₂—NH—C(═O)—. In another embodiment, Z is —CH₂—CH₂—NH—C(═S)—. In another embodiment, Z is —CH₂—CH₂—N(CH₃)—C(═O)—. In another embodiment, Z is —CH₂—CH₂—N(CH₃)—C(═S)—.

In another embodiment, Z is —(C₁-C₃)alkyl- unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁸ groups. In another embodiment, Z is —CH₂—. In another embodiment, Z is —CH₂—CH₂—. In another embodiment, Z is —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—. In another embodiment, Z is —(C₁-C₃)alkyl-substituted by —CF₃. In another embodiment, Z is —CH₂—CH(CF₃)—CH₂—.

In certain embodiments, R¹ is selected from —(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, and —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl, particularly, —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₇-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, and —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkenyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkoxy, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, and -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

In another embodiment, R¹ is cyclooctyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In another embodiment, R¹ is cycloundecyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In another embodiment, R¹ is cyclooctenyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In another embodiment, R¹ is —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In another embodiment, R¹ is bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In another embodiment, R¹ is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In another embodiment, R¹ is —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In another embodiment, R¹ is adamantyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups. In another embodiment, R¹ is noradamantyl unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.

In another embodiment, Z—R¹ is selected from

and

such as

or

In another embodiment, —Z—R¹ is selected from:

and

wherein each R^(z) is independently —H or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, for example, each R^(z) is independently —H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl including all structural isomers of any of these, particularly methyl or ethyl.

In certain embodiments, —Z—R¹ is selected from:

and

particularly

and

In another embodiment, —Z—R¹ is selected from:

and

For example, in certain embodiments, —Z—R¹ is selected from:

(such as

or

(such as

or

and

particularly

In another embodiment, —Z—R¹ is selected from:

(such as

or

(such as

or

or

particularly

In another embodiment, —Z—R¹ is:

or

particularly

In another embodiment, —Z—R¹ is:

such as

or

particularly

or

or particularly

or

wherein R^(z) is —H or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl including all structural isomers of any of these, particularly methyl or ethyl.

In certain embodiments, Z—R¹ is:

or

wherein R^(z) is —H or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl including all structural isomers of any of these, particularly methyl or ethyl.

In some embodiments, one or more occurrences of p are 1. In other embodiments, one or more occurrences of p are 2.

In certain embodiments, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has the formula:

such as

or

for example,

or

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein M¹, R², R²⁰, R²¹ and a are as defined herein. In certain embodiments a is 0, 1, 2, or 3; such as 0, 1, or 2; such as 0 or 1. In some embodiments, a is 0. In certain embodiments, a is 1. In certain embodiments, a is 2. In certain embodiments, a is 3. In certain embodiments, a is 4.

In certain embodiments, M¹ is selected from

and

wherein the piperidine nitrogen is optionally in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form. For example, in some embodiments, M¹ is selected from

and

particularly

wherein the piperidine nitrogen is optionally in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form. In other embodiments, M¹ is selected from

and

particularly

wherein the piperidine nitrogen is optionally in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form. In the above embodiments, M² is selected from

and

For example, in some embodiments, M² is selected from

(such as

or

(such as

or

and

In other embodiments, M² is selected from

(such as

or

(such as

or

and

In certain embodiments, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound includes a carboxylic acid group. For example, in some embodiments a carboxylic acid group is at the terminal end of the R²⁰ group. In other embodiments, a carboxylic acid group is at the terminal end of the R²¹ group. In some embodiments, a carboxylic acid group is at the terminal end of both the R²⁰ and R²¹ groups.

In some embodiments, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound includes an ester group or an amide group or both. For example, in some embodiments an ester group or an amide group is at the terminal end of the R²⁰ group. In other embodiments, an ester group or an amide group is at the terminal end of the R²¹ group. In some embodiments, an ester group or an amide group is at the terminal end of both the R²⁰ and R²¹ groups. In certain embodiments, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound includes an ester group or an amide group or both and is a prodrug that is converted in vivo to an active species, such as a carboxylic acid.

In some embodiments, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is selected from Compounds 1 to 69 depicted in the table in numbered embodiment (122) above and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof.

In some embodiments, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is selected from Compounds 1 to 69 depicted in the table in numbered embodiment (123) above and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof.

In another embodiment, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, such as a compound of Formula (I), is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a halide salt, such as a hydrochloride or hydrobromide salt, particularly a hydrochloride salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a sodium salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a potassium salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a para-toluenesulfonic acid salt. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes two or more salt groups, such as two halide salt groups, and/or a combination of salt types, such as a chloride salt group and a bromide salt group. For example, in some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes both a base addition salt group and an acid addition salt group. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a zwitterion.

4.3 Tabulated Embodiments of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds

In other embodiments, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has one of the formulas of Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R¹⁹ has the structure of the following oxime group:

and R¹, R², R²⁰, R²¹, Z, and a are as defined herein:

TABLE 1 IA

IB

IC

ID

ID₁ ^(†)

ID₂ ^(‡)

IE

IE₁ ^(†)

IE₂ ^(‡)

IF

IF₁ ^(†)

IF₂ ^(‡)

IG

IG₁ ^(†)

IG₂ ^(‡)

IH

IH₁ ^(†)

IH₂ ^(‡)

IJ

IJ₁ ^(†)

IJ₂ ^(‡)

IK

IK₁ ^(†)

IK₂ ^(‡)

IL

IL₁ ^(†)

IL₂ ^(‡)

IM

IM₁ ^(†)

IM₂ ^(‡)

IN

IO

IP

IQ

IQ₁ ^(†)

IQ₂ ^(‡)

IR

IR₁ ^(†)

IR₂ ^(‡)

IS

IS₁ ^(†)

IS₂ ^(‡)

IT

IT₁ ^(†)

IT₂ ^(‡)

IU

IU₁ ^(†)

IU₂ ^(‡)

IV

IV₁ ^(†)

IV₂ ^(‡)

IW

IW₁ ^(†)

IW₂ ^(‡)

IX

IX₁ ^(†)

IX₂ ^(‡)

IY

IY₁ ^(†)

IY₂ ^(‡)

^(†)indicates the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q ring (i.e., fused to the benzo or pyridyl ring) is in the endo-configuration with respect to the A-B bridge (i.e., the ethylenyl, propylenyl, or —CH₂—O—CH₂— bridge). ^(‡)indicates the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q ring (i.e., fused to the benzo or pyridyl ring) is in the exo-configuration with respect to the A-B bridge (i.e., the ethylenyl, propylenyl, or —CH₂—O—CH₂— bridge).

Illustrative Compounds of Formula (I) are listed below in Tables 2-24, wherein “X” refers to the compound number in the table. For example compound Ala is

TABLE 2 A Compounds (AXa)

(AXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²¹ T R⁵ r A1 a or b —H —H —H 0 A2 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 0 A3 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 A4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 0 A5 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 0 A6 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 A7 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 A8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 0 A9 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 0 A10 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 A11 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 A12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 0 A13 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 A14 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 A15 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 A16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 A17 a or b —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 A18 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 A19 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 A20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 A21 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 A22 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 A23 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 A24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 A25 a or b —H —H —H 1 A26 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 1 A27 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 A28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 1 A29 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 1 A30 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 A31 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 A32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 A33 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 1 A34 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 A35 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 A36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 A37 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 A38 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 A39 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 A40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 A41 a or b —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 A42 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 A43 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 A44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 A45 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 A46 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 A47 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 A48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 A49 a or b —H —H —H 2 A50 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 2 A51 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 A52 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 2 A53 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 2 A54 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 A55 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 A56 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 A57 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 2 A58 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 A59 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 A60 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 A61 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 A62 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 A63 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 A64 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 A65 a or b —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 A66 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 A67 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 A68 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 A69 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 A70 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 A71 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 A72 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2

TABLE 3 B Compounds

(BXa)

(BXb) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²¹ T R⁵ r B1 a or b —H —H —H 0 B2 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 0 B3 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 B4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 0 B5 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 0 B6 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 B7 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 B8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 0 B9 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 0 B10 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 B11 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 B12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 0 B13 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 B14 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 B15 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 B16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 B17 a or b —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 B18 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 B19 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 B20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 B21 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 B22 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 B23 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 B24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 B25 a or b —H —H —H 1 B26 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 1 B27 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 B28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 1 B29 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 1 B30 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 B31 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 B32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 B33 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 1 B34 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 B35 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 B36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 B37 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 B38 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 B39 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 B40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 B41 a or b —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 B42 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 B43 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 B44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 B45 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 B46 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 B47 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 B48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 B49 a or b —H —H —H 2 B50 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 2 B51 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 B52 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 2 B53 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 2 B54 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 B55 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 B56 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 B57 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 2 B58 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 B59 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 B60 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 B61 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 B62 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 B63 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 B64 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 B65 a or b —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 B66 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 B67 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 B68 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 B69 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 B70 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 B71 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 B72 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2

TABLE 4 C Compounds

(CXa)

(CXb) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²¹ T R⁵ R^(5′) r d C1 a or b —H —H —H —H 0 1 C2 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 C3 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 C4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 0 1 C5 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 C6 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 C7 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 C8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 C9 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 C10 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 C11 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 C12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 C13 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 C14 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 C15 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 C16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 C17 a or b —H —H —H —H 1 1 C18 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 C19 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 C20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 1 1 C21 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 C22 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 C23 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 C24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 C25 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 C26 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 C27 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 C28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 C29 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 C30 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 C31 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 C32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 C33 a or b —H —H —H —H 2 1 C34 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 C35 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 C36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 2 1 C37 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 C38 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 C39 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 C40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 C41 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 C42 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 C43 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 C44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 C45 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 C46 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 C47 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 C48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 C49 a or b —H —H —H —H 0 2 C50 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 C51 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 C52 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 0 2 C53 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 C54 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 C55 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 C56 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 C57 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 C58 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 C59 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 C60 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 C61 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 C62 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 C63 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 C64 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 C65 a or b —H —H —H —H 1 2 C66 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 C67 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 C68 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 1 2 C69 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 C70 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 C71 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 C72 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 C73 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 C74 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 C75 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 C76 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 C77 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 C78 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 C79 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 C80 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 C81 a or b —H —H —H —H 2 2 C82 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 C83 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 C84 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 2 2 C85 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 C86 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 C87 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 C88 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 C89 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 C90 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 C91 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 C92 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 C93 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 C94 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 C95 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 C96 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 C97 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 C98 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 C99 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 C100 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 C101 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 C102 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 C103 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 C104 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 C105 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 C106 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 C107 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 C108 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 C109 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 C110 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 C111 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 C112 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 C113 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 C114 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 C115 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 C116 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 C117 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 C118 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 C119 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 C120 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 C121 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 C122 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 C123 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 C124 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 C125 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 C126 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 C127 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 C128 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 C129 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 C130 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 C131 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 C132 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 C133 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 C134 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 C135 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 C136 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 C137 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 C138 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 C139 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 C140 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 C141 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 C142 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 C143 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 C144 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 C145 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 C146 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 C147 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 C148 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 C149 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 C150 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 C151 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 C152 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 C153 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 C154 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 C155 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 C156 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 C157 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 C158 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 C159 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 C160 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 C161 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 C162 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 C163 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 C164 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 C165 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 C166 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 C167 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 C168 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 C169 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 C170 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 C171 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 C172 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 C173 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 C174 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 C175 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 C176 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 C177 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 C178 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 C179 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 C180 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 C181 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 C182 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 C183 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 C184 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 C185 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 C186 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 C187 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 C188 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 C189 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 C190 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 C191 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 C192 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2

TABLE 5 D Compounds

(DXa)

(DXb) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²¹ T R⁵ R^(5′) r d D1 a or b —H —H —H —H 0 1 D2 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 D3 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 D4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 0 1 D5 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 D6 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 D7 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 D8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 D9 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 D10 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 D11 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 D12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 D13 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 D14 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 D15 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 D16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 D17 a or b —H —H —H —H 1 1 D18 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 D19 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 D20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 1 1 D21 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 D22 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 D23 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 D24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 D25 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 D26 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 D27 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 D28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 D29 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 D30 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 D31 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 D32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 D33 a or b —H —H —H —H 2 1 D34 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 D35 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 D36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 2 1 D37 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 D38 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 D39 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 D40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 D41 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 D42 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 D43 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 D44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 D45 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 D46 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 D47 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 D48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 D49 a or b —H —H —H —H 0 2 D50 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 D51 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 D52 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 0 2 D53 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 D54 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 D55 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 D56 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 D57 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 D58 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 D59 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 D60 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 D61 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 D62 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 D63 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 D64 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 D65 a or b —H —H —H —H 1 2 D66 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 D67 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 D68 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 1 2 D69 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 D70 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 D71 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 D72 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 D73 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 D74 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 D75 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 D76 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 D77 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 D78 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 D79 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 D80 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 D81 a or b —H —H —H —H 2 2 D82 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 D83 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 D84 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 2 2 D85 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 D86 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 D87 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 D88 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 D89 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 D90 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 D91 a or b —CH₂CH 3 —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 D92 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 D93 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 D94 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 D95 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 D96 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 D97 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 D98 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 D99 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 D100 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 D101 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 D102 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 D103 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 D104 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 D105 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 D106 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 D107 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 D108 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 D109 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 D110 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 D111 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 D112 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 D113 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 D114 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 D115 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 D116 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 D117 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 D118 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 D119 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 D120 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 D121 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 D122 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 D123 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 D124 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 D125 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 D126 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 D127 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 D128 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 D129 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 D130 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 D131 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 D132 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 D133 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 D134 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 D135 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 D136 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 D137 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 D138 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 D139 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 D140 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 D141 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 D142 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 D143 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 D144 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 D145 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 D146 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 D147 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 D148 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 D149 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 D150 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 D151 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 D152 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 D153 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 D154 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 D155 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 D156 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 D157 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 D158 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 D159 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 D160 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 D161 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 D162 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 D163 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 D164 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 D165 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 D166 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 D167 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 D168 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 D169 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 D170 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 D171 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 D172 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 D173 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 D174 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 D175 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 D176 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 D177 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 D178 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 D179 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 D180 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 D181 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 D182 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 D183 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 D184 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 D185 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 D186 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 D187 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 D188 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 D189 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 D190 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 D191 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 D192 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2

TABLE 6 E Compounds

(EXa)

(EXb) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²¹ T R⁵ r E1 a or b —H —H —H 0 E2 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 0 E3 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 E4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 0 E5 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 0 E6 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 E7 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 E8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 0 E9 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 0 E10 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 E11 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 E12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 0 E13 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 E14 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 E15 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 E16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 E17 a or b —H —H —H 1 E18 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 1 E19 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 E20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 1 E21 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 1 E22 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 E23 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 E24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 E25 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 1 E26 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 E27 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 E28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 E29 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 E30 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 E31 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 E32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 E33 a or b —H —H —H 2 E34 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 2 E35 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 E36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 2 E37 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 2 E38 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 E39 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 E40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 E41 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 2 E42 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 E43 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 E44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 E45 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 E46 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 E47 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 E48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2

TABLE 7 F Compounds

(FXa)

(FXb) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²¹ T R⁵ r F1 a or b —H —H —H 0 F2 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 0 F3 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 F4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 0 F5 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 0 F6 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 F7 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 F8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 0 F9 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 0 F10 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 F11 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 F12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 0 F13 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 F14 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 F15 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 F16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 F17 a or b —H —H —H 1 F18 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 1 F19 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 F20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 1 F21 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 1 F22 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 F23 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 F24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 F25 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 1 F26 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 F27 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 F28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 F29 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 F30 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 F31 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 F32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 F33 a or b —H —H —H 2 F34 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 2 F35 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 F36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 2 F37 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 2 F38 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 F39 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 F40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 F41 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 2 F42 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 F43 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 F44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 F45 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 F46 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 F47 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 F48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2

TABLE 8 G Compounds

(GXa)

(GXb) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²¹ T R⁵ r G1 a or b —H —H —H 0 G2 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 0 G3 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 G4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 0 G5 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 0 G6 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 G7 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 G8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 0 G9 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 0 G10 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 G11 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 G12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 0 G13 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 G14 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 G15 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 G16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 G17 a or b —H —H —H 1 G18 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 1 G19 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 G20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 1 G21 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 1 G22 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 G23 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 G24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 G25 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 1 G26 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 G27 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 G28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 G29 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 G30 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 G31 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 G32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 G33 a or b —H —H —H 2 G34 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 2 G35 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 G36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 2 G37 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 2 G38 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 G39 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 G40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 G41 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 2 G42 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 G43 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 G44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 G45 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 G46 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 G47 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 G48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2

TABLE 9 H Compounds

(HXa)

(HXb) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²¹ T R⁵ r H1 a or b —H —H —H 0 H2 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 0 H3 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 H4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 0 H5 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 0 H6 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 H7 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 H8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 0 H9 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 0 H10 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 H11 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 H12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 0 H13 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 H14 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 H15 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 H16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 H17 a or b —H —H —H 1 H18 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 1 H19 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 H20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 1 H21 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 1 H22 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 H23 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 H24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 H25 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 1 H26 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 H27 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 H28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 H29 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 H30 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 H31 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 H32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 H33 a or b —H —H —H 2 H34 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 2 H35 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 H36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 2 H37 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 2 H38 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 H39 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 H40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 H41 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 2 H42 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 H43 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 H44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 H45 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 H46 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 H47 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 H48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2

TABLE 10 J Compounds

(JXa)

(JXb) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²¹ T R⁵ r J1 a or b —H —H —H 0 J2 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 0 J3 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 J4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 0 J5 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 0 J6 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 J7 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 J8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 0 J9 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 0 J10 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 J11 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 J12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 0 J13 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 J14 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 J15 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 J16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 J17 a or b —H —H —H 1 J18 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 1 J19 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 J20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 1 J21 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 1 J22 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 J23 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 J24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 J25 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 1 J26 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 J27 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 J28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 J29 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 J30 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 J31 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 J32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 J33 a or b —H —H —H 2 J34 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 2 J35 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 J36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 2 J37 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 2 J38 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 J39 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 J40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 J41 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 2 J42 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 J43 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 J44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 J45 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 J46 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 J47 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 J48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2

TABLE 11 K Compounds

(KXa)

(KXb) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound T′ T R⁵ r s K1 a or b —H —H —H 0 1 K2 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 K3 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 1 K4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 0 1 K5 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 K6 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 K7 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 K8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 0 1 K9 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 K10 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 K11 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 K12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 0 1 K13 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 K14 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 K15 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 K16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 K17 a or b —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 K18 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 K19 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 K20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 K21 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 K22 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 K23 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 K24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 K25 a or b —H —H —H 1 1 K26 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 K27 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 1 K28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 1 1 K29 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 K30 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 K31 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 K32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 1 K33 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 K34 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 K35 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 K36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 1 K37 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 K38 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 K39 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 K40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 K41 a or b —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 K42 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 K43 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 K44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 K45 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 K46 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 K47 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 K48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 K49 a or b —H —H —H 2 1 K50 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 K51 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 1 K52 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 2 1 K53 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 K54 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 K55 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 K56 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 1 K57 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 K58 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 K59 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 K60 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 1 K61 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 K62 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 K63 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 K64 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 K65 a or b —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 K66 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 K67 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 K68 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 K69 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 K70 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 K71 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 K72 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 K73 a or b —H —H —H 0 2 K74 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 K75 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 2 K76 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 0 2 K77 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 K78 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 K79 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 K80 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 0 2 K81 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 K82 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 K83 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 K84 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 0 2 K85 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 K86 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 K87 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 K88 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 K89 a or b —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 K90 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 K91 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 K92 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 K93 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 K94 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 K95 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 K96 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 K97 a or b —H —H —H 1 2 K98 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 K99 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 2 K100 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 1 2 K101 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 K102 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 K103 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 K104 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 2 K105 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 K106 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 K107 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 K108 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 2 K109 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 K110 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 K111 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 K112 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 K113 a or b —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 K114 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 K115 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 K116 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 K117 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 K118 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 K119 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 K120 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 K121 a or b —H —H —H 2 2 K122 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 K123 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 2 K124 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 2 2 K125 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 K126 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 K127 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 K128 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 2 K129 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 K130 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 K131 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 K132 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 2 K133 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 K134 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 K135 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 K136 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 K137 a or b —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 K138 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 K139 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 K140 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 K141 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 K142 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 K143 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 K144 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2

TABLE 12 L Compounds (LXa)

(LXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound T′ T R⁵ r s L1 a or b  —H —H —H 0 1 L2 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 L3 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 1 L4 a or b  -iso-propyl —H —H 0 1 L5 a or b  —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 L6 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 L7 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 L8 a or b  -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 0 1 L9 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 L10 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 L11 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 L12 a or b  -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 0 1 L13 a or b  —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 L14 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 L15 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 L16 a or b  -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 L17 a or b  —H —H —H 0 1 L18 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 L19 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 1 L20 a or b  -iso-propyl —H —H 0 1 L21 a or b  —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 L22 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 L23 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 L24 a or b  -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 0 1 L25 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 L26 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 L27 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 L28 a or b  -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 1 L29 a or b  —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 L30 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 L31 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 L32 a or b  -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 L33 a or b  —H —H —H 1 1 L34 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 L35 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 1 L36 a or b  -iso-propyl —H —H 1 1 L37 a or b  —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 L38 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 L39 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 L40 a or b  -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 1 L41 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 L42 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 L43 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 L44 a or b  -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 1 L45 a or b  —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 L46 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 L47 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 L48 a or b  -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 L49 a or b  —H —H —H 2 1 L50 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 L51 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 1 L52 a or b  -iso-propyl —H —H 2 1 L53 a or b  —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 L54 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 L55 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 L56 a or b  -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 1 L57 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 L58 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 L59 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 L60 a or b  -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 1 L61 a or b  —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 L62 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 L63 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 L64 a or b  -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 L65 a or b  —H —H —H 2 1 L66 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 L67 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 1 L68 a or b  -iso-propyl —H —H 2 1 L69 a or b  —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 L70 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 L71 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 L72 a or b  -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 1 L73 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 L74 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 L75 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 L76 a or b  -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 0 2 L77 a or b  —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 L78 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 L79 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 L80 a or b  -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 L81 a or b  —H —H —H 0 2 L82 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 L83 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 2 L84 a or b  -iso-propyl —H —H 0 2 L85 a or b  —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 L86 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 L87 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 L88 a or b  -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 0 2 L89 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 L90 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 L91 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 L92 a or b  -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 0 2 L93 a or b  —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 L94 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 L95 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 L96 a or b  -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 L97 a or b  —H —H —H 1 2 L98 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 L99 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 2 L100 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 1 2 L101 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 L102 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 L103 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 L104 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 2 L105 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 L106 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 L107 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 L108 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 2 L109 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 L110 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 L111 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 L112 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 L113 a or b —H —H —H 1 2 L114 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 L115 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 2 L116 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 1 2 L117 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 L118 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 L119 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 L120 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 2 L121 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 L122 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 L123 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 L124 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 2 L125 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 L126 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 L127 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 L128 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 L129 a or b —H —H —H 2 2 L130 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 L131 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 2 L132 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 2 2 L133 a or b —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 L134 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 L135 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 L136 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 2 L137 a or b —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 L138 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 L139 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 L140 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 2 L141 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 L142 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 L143 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 L144 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2

TABLE 13 M Compounds (MXa)

(MXb)

all the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound T′ T″ T R⁵ r s M1 a or b  —H —H —H —H 0 1 M2 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 M3 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 M4 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 M5 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 0 1 M6 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 1 M7 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 M8 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 M9 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 0 1 M10 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 M11 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 M12 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 0 1 M13 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 M14 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 M15 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 0 1 M16 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 M17 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 M18 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 0 1 M19 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 M20 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 M21 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 0 1 M22 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 M23 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 M24 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 0 1 M25 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 M26 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 M27 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 M28 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 M29 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 M30 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 M31 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 M32 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 M33 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 M34 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 M35 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 M36 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 M37 a or b  —H —H —H —H 1 1 M38 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 M39 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 M40 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 M41 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 1 1 M42 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 1 M43 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 M44 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 M45 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 1 1 M46 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 M47 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 M48 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 1 1 M49 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 M50 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 M51 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 1 1 M52 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 M53 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 M54 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 1 1 M55 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 M56 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 M57 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 1 1 M58 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 M59 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 M60 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 1 1 M61 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 M62 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 M63 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 M64 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 M65 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 M66 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 M67 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 M68 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 M69 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 M70 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 M71 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 M72 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 M73 a or b  —H —H —H —H 2 1 M74 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 M75 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 M76 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 M77 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 2 1 M78 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 1 M79 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 M80 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 M81 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 2 1 M82 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 M83 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 M84 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 2 1 M85 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 M86 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 M87 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 2 1 M88 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 M89 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 M90 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 2 1 M91 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 M92 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 M93 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 2 1 M94 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 M95 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 M96 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 2 1 M97 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 M98 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 M99 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 M100 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 M101 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 M102 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 M103 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 M104 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 M105 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 M106 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 M107 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 M108 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 M109 a or b —H —H —H —H 0 2 M110 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 M111 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 M112 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 M113 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 0 2 M114 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 2 M115 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 M116 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 M117 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 0 2 M118 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 M119 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 M120 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 0 2 M121 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 M122 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 M123 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 0 2 M124 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 M125 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 M126 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 0 2 M127 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 M128 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 M129 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 0 2 M130 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 M131 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 M132 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 0 2 M133 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 M134 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 M135 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 M136 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 M137 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 M138 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 M139 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 M140 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 M141 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 M142 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 M143 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 M144 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 M145 a or b —H —H —H —H 1 2 M146 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 M147 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 M148 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 M149 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 1 2 M150 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 2 M151 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 M152 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 M153 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 1 2 M154 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 M155 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 M156 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 1 2 M157 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 M158 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 M159 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 1 2 M160 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 M161 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 M162 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 1 2 M163 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 M164 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 M165 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 1 2 M166 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 M167 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 M168 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 1 2 M169 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 M170 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 M171 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 M172 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 M173 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 M174 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 M175 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 M176 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 M177 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 M178 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 M179 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 M180 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 M181 a or b —H —H —H —H 2 2 M182 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 M183 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 M184 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 M185 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 2 2 M186 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 2 M187 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 M188 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 M189 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 2 2 M190 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 M191 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 M192 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 2 2 M193 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 M194 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 M195 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 2 2 M196 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 M197 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 M198 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 2 2 M199 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 M200 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 M201 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 2 2 M202 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 M203 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 M204 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 2 2 M205 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 M206 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 M207 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 M208 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 M209 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 M210 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 M211 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 M212 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 M213 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 M214 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 M215 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 M216 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2

TABLE 14 N Compounds (NXa)

(NXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound T′ T″ T R⁵ r s N1 a or b  —H —H —H —H 0 1 N2 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 N3 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 N4 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 N5 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 0 1 N6 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 1 N7 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 N8 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 N9 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 0 1 N10 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 N11 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 N12 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 0 1 N13 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 N14 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 N15 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 0 1 N16 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 N17 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 N18 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 0 1 N19 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 N20 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 N21 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 0 1 N22 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 N23 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 N24 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 0 1 N25 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 N26 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 N27 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 N28 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 N29 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 N30 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 N31 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 N32 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 N33 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 N34 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 N35 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 N36 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 N37 a or b  —H —H —H —H 1 1 N38 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 N39 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 N40 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 N41 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 1 1 N42 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 1 N43 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 N44 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 N45 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 1 1 N46 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 N47 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 N48 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 1 1 N49 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 N50 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 N51 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 1 1 N52 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 N53 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 N54 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 1 1 N55 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 N56 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 N57 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 1 1 N58 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 N59 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 N60 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 1 1 N61 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 N62 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 N63 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 N64 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 N65 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 N66 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 N67 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 N68 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 N69 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 N70 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 N71 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 N72 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 N73 a or b  —H —H —H —H 2 1 N74 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 N75 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 N76 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 N77 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 2 1 N78 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 1 N79 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 N80 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 N81 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 2 1 N82 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 N83 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 N84 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 2 1 N85 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 N86 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 N87 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 2 1 N88 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 N89 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 N90 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 2 1 N91 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 N92 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 N93 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 2 1 N94 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 N95 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 N96 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 2 1 N97 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 N98 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 N99 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 N100 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 N101 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 N102 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 N103 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 N104 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 N105 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 N106 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 N107 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 N108 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 N109 a or b —H —H —H —H 0 2 N110 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 N111 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 N112 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 N113 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 0 2 N114 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 2 N115 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 N116 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 N117 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 0 2 N118 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 N119 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 N120 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 0 2 N121 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 N122 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 N123 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 0 2 N124 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 N125 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 N126 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 0 2 N127 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 N128 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 N129 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 0 2 N130 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 N131 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 N132 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 0 2 N133 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 N134 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 N135 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 N136 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 N137 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 N138 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 N139 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 N140 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 N141 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 N142 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 N143 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 N144 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 N145 a or b —H —H —H —H 1 2 N146 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 N147 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 N148 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 N149 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 1 2 N150 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 2 N151 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 N152 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 N153 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 1 2 N154 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 N155 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 N156 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 1 2 N157 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 N158 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 N159 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 1 2 N160 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 N161 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 N162 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 1 2 N163 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 N164 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 N165 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 1 2 N166 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 N167 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 N168 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 1 2 N169 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 N170 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 N171 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 N172 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 N173 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 N174 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 N175 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 N176 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 N177 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 N178 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 N179 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 N180 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 N181 a or b —H —H —H —H 2 2 N182 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 N183 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 N184 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 N185 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 2 2 N186 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 2 N187 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 N188 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 N189 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 2 2 N190 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 N191 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 N192 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 2 2 N193 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 N194 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 N195 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 2 2 N196 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 N197 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 N198 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 2 2 N199 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 N200 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 N201 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 2 2 N202 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 N203 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 N204 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 2 2 N205 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 N206 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 N207 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 N208 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 N209 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 N210 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 N211 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 N212 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 N213 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 N214 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 N215 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 N216 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2

TABLE 15 O Compounds (OXa)

(OXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound T′ T″ T R⁵ r s O1 a or b  —H —H —H —H 0 1 O2 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 O3 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 O4 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 O5 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 0 1 O6 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 1 O7 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 O8 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 O9 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 0 1 O10 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 O11 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 O12 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 0 1 O13 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 O14 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 O15 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 0 1 O16 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 O17 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 O18 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 0 1 O19 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 O20 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 O21 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 0 1 O22 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 O23 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 O24 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 0 1 O25 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 O26 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 O27 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 O28 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 O29 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 O30 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 O31 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 O32 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 O33 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 O34 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 O35 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 O36 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 O37 a or b  —H —H —H —H 1 1 O38 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 O39 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 O40 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 O41 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 1 1 O42 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 1 O43 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 O44 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 O45 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 1 1 O46 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 O47 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 O48 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 1 1 O49 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 O50 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 O51 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 1 1 O52 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 O53 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 O54 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 1 1 O55 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 O56 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 O57 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 1 1 O58 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 O59 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 O60 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 1 1 O61 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 O62 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 O63 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 O64 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 O65 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 O66 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 O67 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 O68 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 O69 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 O70 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 O71 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 O72 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 O73 a or b  —H —H —H —H 2 1 O74 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 O75 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 O76 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 O77 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 2 1 O78 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 1 O79 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 O80 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 O81 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 2 1 O82 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 O83 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 O84 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 2 1 O85 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 O86 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 O87 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 2 1 O88 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 O89 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 O90 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 2 1 O91 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 O92 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 O93 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 2 1 O94 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 O95 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 O96 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 2 1 O97 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 O98 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 O99 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 O100 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 O101 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 O102 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 O103 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 O104 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 O105 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 O106 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 O107 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 O108 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 O109 a or b —H —H —H —H 0 2 O110 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 O111 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 O112 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 O113 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 0 2 O114 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 2 O115 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 O116 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 O117 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 0 2 O118 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 O119 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 O120 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 0 2 O121 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 O122 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 O123 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 0 2 O124 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 O125 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 O126 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 0 2 O127 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 O128 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 O129 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 0 2 O130 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 O131 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 O132 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 0 2 O133 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 O134 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 O135 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 O136 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 O137 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 O138 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 O139 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 O140 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 O141 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 O142 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 O143 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 O144 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 O145 a or b —H —H —H —H 1 2 O146 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 O147 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 O148 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 O149 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 1 2 O150 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 2 O151 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 O152 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 O153 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 1 2 O154 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 O155 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 O156 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 1 2 O157 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 O158 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 O159 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 1 2 O160 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 O161 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 O162 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 1 2 O163 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 O164 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 O165 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 1 2 O166 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 O167 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 O168 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 1 2 O169 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 O170 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 O171 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 O172 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 O173 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 O174 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 O175 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 O176 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 O177 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 O178 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 O179 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 O180 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 O181 a or b —H —H —H —H 2 2 O182 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 O183 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 O184 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 O185 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 2 2 O186 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 2 O187 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 O188 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 O189 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 2 2 O190 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 O191 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 O192 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 2 2 O193 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 O194 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 O195 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 2 2 O196 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 O197 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 O198 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 2 2 O199 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 O200 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 O201 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 2 2 O202 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 O203 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 O204 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 2 2 O205 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 O206 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 O207 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 O208 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 O209 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 O210 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 O211 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 O212 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 O213 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 O214 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 O215 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 O216 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2

TABLE 16 P Compounds (PXa)

(PXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound T′ T″ T R⁵ r s P1 a or b  —H —H —H —H 0 1 P2 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 P3 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 P4 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 P5 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 0 1 P6 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 1 P7 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 P8 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 P9 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 0 1 P10 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 P11 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 P12 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 0 1 P13 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 P14 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 P15 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 0 1 P16 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 P17 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 P18 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 0 1 P19 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 P20 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 P21 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 0 1 P22 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 P23 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 P24 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 0 1 P25 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 P26 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 P27 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 P28 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 P29 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 P30 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 P31 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 P32 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 P33 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 P34 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 P35 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 P36 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 P37 a or b  —H —H —H —H 1 1 P38 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 P39 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 P40 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 P41 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 1 1 P42 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 1 P43 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 P44 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 P45 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 1 1 P46 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 P47 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 P48 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 1 1 P49 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 P50 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 P51 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 1 1 P52 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 P53 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 P54 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 1 1 P55 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 P56 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 P57 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 1 1 P58 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 P59 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 P60 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 1 1 P61 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 P62 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 P63 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 P64 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 P65 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 P66 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 P67 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 P68 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 P69 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 P70 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 P71 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 P72 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 P73 a or b  —H —H —H —H 2 1 P74 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 P75 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 P76 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 P77 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 2 1 P78 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 1 P79 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 P80 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 P81 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 2 1 P82 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 P83 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 P84 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 2 1 P85 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 P86 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 P87 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 2 1 P88 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 P89 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 P90 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 2 1 P91 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 P92 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 P93 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 2 1 P94 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 P95 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 P96 a or b  —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 2 1 P97 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 P98 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 P99 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 P100 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 P101 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 P102 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 P103 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 P104 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 P105 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 P106 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 P107 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 P108 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 P109 a or b —H —H —H —H 0 2 P110 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 P111 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 P112 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 P113 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 0 2 P114 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 2 P115 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 P116 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 P117 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 0 2 P118 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 P119 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 P120 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 0 2 P121 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 P122 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 P123 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 0 2 P124 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 P125 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 P126 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 0 2 P127 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 P128 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 P129 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 0 2 P130 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 P131 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 P132 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 0 2 P133 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 P134 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 P135 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 P136 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 P137 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 P138 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 P139 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 P140 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 P141 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 P142 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 P143 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 P144 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 P145 a or b —H —H —H —H 1 2 P146 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 P147 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 P148 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 P149 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 1 2 P150 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 2 P151 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 P152 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 P153 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 1 2 P154 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 P155 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 P156 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 1 2 P157 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 P158 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 P159 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 1 2 P160 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 P161 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 P162 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 1 2 P163 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 P164 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 P165 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 1 2 P166 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 P167 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 P168 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 1 2 P169 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 P170 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 P171 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 P172 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 P173 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 P174 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 P175 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 P176 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 P177 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 P178 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 P179 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 P180 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 P181 a or b —H —H —H —H 2 2 P182 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 P183 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 P184 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 P185 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —H 2 2 P186 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 2 P187 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 P188 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 P189 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —H 2 2 P190 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 P191 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 P192 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H 2 2 P193 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 P194 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 P195 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H  CH₃ 2 2 P196 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 P197 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 P198 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ 2 2 P199 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 P200 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 P201 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃  CH₃ 2 2 P202 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 P203 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 P204 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃  CH₃ 2 2 P205 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 P206 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 P207 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 P208 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 P209 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 P210 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 P211 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 P212 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 P213 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 P214 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 P215 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 P216 a or b —CH₂CH₃  CH₂CH₃  CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2

TABLE 17 Q Compounds (QXa)

(QXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound T′ T″ T R⁵ r s Q1 a or b  —H —H —H —H 0 1 Q2 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 Q3 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 Q4 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 Q5 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 Q6 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 1 Q7 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 Q8 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 Q9 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 Q10 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 Q11 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 Q12 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 Q13 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 Q14 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 Q15 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 Q16 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 Q17 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 Q18 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 Q19 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 Q20 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 Q21 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 Q22 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 Q23 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 Q24 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 Q25 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 Q26 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 Q27 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 Q28 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 Q29 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 Q30 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 Q31 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 Q32 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 Q33 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 Q34 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 Q35 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 Q36 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 Q37 a or b  —H —H —H —H 1 1 Q38 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 Q39 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 Q40 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 Q41 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 Q42 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 1 Q43 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 Q44 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 Q45 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 Q46 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 Q47 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 Q48 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 Q49 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 Q50 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 Q51 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 Q52 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 Q53 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 Q54 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 Q55 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 Q56 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 Q57 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 Q58 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 Q59 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 Q60 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 Q61 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 Q62 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 Q63 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 Q64 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 Q65 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 Q66 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 Q67 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 Q68 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 Q69 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 Q70 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 Q71 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 Q72 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 Q73 a or b  —H —H —H —H 2 1 Q74 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 Q75 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 Q76 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 Q77 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 Q78 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 1 Q79 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 Q80 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 Q81 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 Q82 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 Q83 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 Q84 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 Q85 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 Q86 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 Q87 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 Q88 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 Q89 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 Q90 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 Q91 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 Q92 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 Q93 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 Q94 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 Q95 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 Q96 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 Q97 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 Q98 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 Q99 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 Q100 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 Q101 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 Q102 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 Q103 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 Q104 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 Q105 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 Q106 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 Q107 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 Q108 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 Q109 a or b —H —H —H —H 0 2 Q110 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 Q111 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 Q112 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 Q113 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 Q114 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 2 Q115 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 Q116 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 Q117 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 Q118 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 Q119 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 Q120 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 Q121 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 Q122 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 Q123 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 Q124 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 Q125 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 Q126 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 Q127 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 Q128 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 Q129 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 Q130 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 Q131 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 Q132 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 Q133 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 Q134 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 Q135 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 Q136 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 Q137 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 Q138 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 Q139 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 Q140 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 Q141 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 Q142 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 Q143 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 Q144 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 Q145 a or b —H —H —H —H 1 2 Q146 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 Q147 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 Q148 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 Q149 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 Q150 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 2 Q151 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 Q152 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 Q153 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 Q154 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 Q155 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 Q156 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 Q157 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 Q158 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 Q159 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 Q160 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 Q161 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 Q162 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 Q163 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 Q164 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 Q165 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 Q166 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 Q167 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 Q168 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 Q169 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 Q170 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 Q171 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 Q172 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 Q173 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 Q174 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 Q175 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 Q176 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 Q177 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 Q178 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 Q179 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 Q180 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 Q181 a or b —H —H —H —H 1 2 Q182 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 Q183 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 Q184 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 Q185 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 Q186 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 2 Q187 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 Q188 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 Q189 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 Q190 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 Q191 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 Q192 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 Q193 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 Q194 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 Q195 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 Q196 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 Q197 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 Q198 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 Q199 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 Q200 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 Q201 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 Q202 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 Q203 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 Q204 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 Q205 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 Q206 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 Q207 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 Q208 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 Q209 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 Q210 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 Q211 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 Q212 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 Q213 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 Q214 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 Q215 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 Q216 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2

TABLE 18 R Compounds (RXa)

(RXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound T′ T″ T R⁵ r s R1 a or b  —H —H —H —H 0 1 R2 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 R3 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 R4 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 R5 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 R6 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 1 R7 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 R8 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 R9 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 R10 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 R11 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 R12 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 R13 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 R14 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 R15 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 R16 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 R17 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 R18 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 R19 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 R20 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 R21 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 R22 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 R23 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 R24 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 R25 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 R26 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 R27 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 R28 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 R29 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 R30 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 R31 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 R32 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 R33 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 R34 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 R35 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 R36 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 1 R37 a or b  —H —H —H —H 1 1 R38 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 R39 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 R40 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 R41 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 R42 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 1 R43 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 R44 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 R45 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 R46 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 R47 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 R48 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 R49 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 R50 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 R51 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 R52 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 R53 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 R54 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 R55 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 R56 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 R57 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 R58 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 R59 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 R60 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 R61 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 R62 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 R63 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 R64 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 R65 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 R66 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 R67 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 R68 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 R69 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 R70 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 R71 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 R72 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 1 R73 a or b  —H —H —H —H 2 1 R74 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 R75 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 R76 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 R77 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 R78 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 1 R79 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 R80 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 R81 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 R82 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 R83 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 R84 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 R85 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 R86 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 R87 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 R88 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 R89 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 R90 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 R91 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 R92 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 R93 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 R94 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 R95 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 R96 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 R97 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 R98 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 R99 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 R100 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 R101 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 R102 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 R103 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 R104 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 R105 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 R106 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 R107 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 R108 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 1 R109 a or b —H —H —H —H 0 2 R110 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 R111 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 R112 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 R113 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 R114 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 2 R115 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 R116 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 R117 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 R118 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 R119 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 R120 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 R121 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 R122 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 R123 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 R124 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 R125 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 R126 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 R127 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 R128 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 R129 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 R130 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 R131 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 R132 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 R133 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 R134 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 R135 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 R136 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 R137 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 R138 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 R139 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 R140 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 R141 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 R142 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 R143 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 R144 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 0 2 R145 a or b —H —H —H —H 1 2 R146 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 R147 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 R148 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 R149 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 R150 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 2 R151 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 R152 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 R153 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 R154 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 R155 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 R156 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 R157 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 R158 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 R159 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 R160 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 R161 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 R162 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 R163 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 R164 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 R165 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 R166 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 R167 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 R168 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 R169 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 R170 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 R171 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 R172 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 R173 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 R174 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 R175 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 R176 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 R177 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 R178 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 R179 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 R180 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 1 2 R181 a or b —H —H —H —H 1 2 R182 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 R183 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 R184 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 R185 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 R186 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 2 R187 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 R188 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 R189 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 R190 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 R191 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 R192 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 R193 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 R194 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 R195 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 R196 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 R197 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 R198 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 R199 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 R200 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 R201 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 R202 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 R203 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 R204 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 R205 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 R206 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 R207 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 R208 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 R209 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 R210 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 R211 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 R212 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 R213 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 R214 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 R215 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2 R216 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ 2 2

TABLE 19 S Compounds (SXa)

(SXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound T′ T″ T R⁵ r s S1 a or b  —H —H —H —H 0 1 S2 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 S3 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 S4 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 S5 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 S6 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 1 S7 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 S8 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 S9 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 S10 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 S11 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 S12 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 S13 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 S14 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 S15 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 S16 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 S17 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 S18 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 S19 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 S20 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 S21 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 S22 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 S23 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 S24 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 S25 a or b  —H —H —H —H 1 1 S26 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 S27 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 S28 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 S29 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 S30 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 1 S31 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 S32 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 S33 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 S34 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 S35 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 S36 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 S37 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 S38 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 S39 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 S40 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 S41 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 S42 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 S43 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 S44 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 S45 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 S46 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 S47 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 S48 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 S49 a or b  —H —H —H —H 2 1 S50 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 S51 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 S52 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 S53 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 S54 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 1 S55 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 S56 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 S57 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 S58 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 S59 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 S60 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 S61 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 S62 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 S63 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 S64 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 S65 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 S66 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 S67 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 S68 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 S69 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 S70 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 S71 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 S72 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 S73 a or b  —H —H —H —H 0 2 S74 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 S75 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 S76 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 S77 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 S78 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 2 S79 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 S80 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 S81 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 S82 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 S83 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 S84 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 S85 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 S86 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 S87 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 S88 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 S89 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 S90 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 S91 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 S92 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 S93 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 S94 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 S95 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 S96 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 S97 a or b  —H —H —H —H 1 2 S98 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 S99 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 S100 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 S101 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 S102 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 2 S103 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 S104 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 S105 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 S106 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 S107 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 S108 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 S109 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 S110 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 S111 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 S112 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 S113 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 S114 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 S115 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 S116 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 S117 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 S118 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 S119 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 S120 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 S121 a or b —H —H —H —H 2 2 S122 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 S123 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 S124 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 S125 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 S126 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 2 S127 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 S128 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 S129 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 S130 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 S131 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 S132 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 S133 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 S134 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 S135 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 S136 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 S137 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 S138 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 S139 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 S140 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 S141 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 S142 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 S143 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 S144 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2

TABLE 20 T Compounds (TXa)

(TXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound T′ T″ T R⁵ r s T1 a or b  —H —H —H —H 0 1 T2 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 T3 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 1 T4 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 T5 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 1 T6 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 1 T7 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 T8 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 T9 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 1 T10 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 T11 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 T12 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 1 T13 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 T14 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 T15 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 1 T16 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 T17 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 T18 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 1 T19 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 T20 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 T21 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 T22 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 T23 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 T24 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 1 T25 a or b  —H —H —H —H 1 1 T26 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 T27 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 T28 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 T29 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 T30 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 1 T31 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 T32 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 T33 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 T34 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 T35 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 T36 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 T37 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 T38 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 T39 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 T40 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 T41 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 T42 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 T43 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 T44 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 T45 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 T46 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 T47 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 T48 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 T49 a or b  —H —H —H —H 2 1 T50 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 T51 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 T52 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 T53 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 T54 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 1 T55 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 T56 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 T57 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 T58 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 T59 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 T60 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 T61 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 T62 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 T63 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 T64 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 T65 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 T66 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 T67 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 T68 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 T69 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 T70 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 T71 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 T72 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 T73 a or b  —H —H —H —H 0 2 T74 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 T75 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 0 2 T76 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 T77 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 0 2 T78 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 0 2 T79 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 T80 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 T81 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 0 2 T82 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 T83 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 T84 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 0 2 T85 a or b  —H —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 T86 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 T87 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 0 2 T88 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 T89 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 T90 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 0 2 T91 a or b  —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 T92 a or b  —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 T93 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 T94 a or b  —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 T95 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 T96 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 0 2 T97 a or b  —H —H —H —H 1 2 T98 a or b  —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 T99 a or b  —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 T100 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 T101 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 T102 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 2 T103 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 T104 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 T105 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 T106 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 T107 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 T108 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 T109 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 T110 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 T111 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 T112 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 T113 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 T114 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 T115 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 T116 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 T117 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 T118 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 T119 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 T120 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 T121 a or b —H —H —H —H 2 2 T122 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 T123 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 T124 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 T125 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 T126 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 2 T127 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 T128 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 T129 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 T130 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 T131 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 T132 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 T133 a or b —H —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 T134 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 T135 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 T136 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 T137 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 T138 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 T139 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 T140 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 T141 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 T142 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 T143 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 T144 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2

TABLE 21 U Compounds (UXa)

(UXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²⁰ T R⁵ R^(5′) s d U1 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 U2 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 U3 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —H 1 1 U4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 1 1 U5 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 U6 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 U7 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 U8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 U9 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 U10 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 U11 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 U12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 U13 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 U14 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 U15 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 U16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 U17 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 U18 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 U19 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —H 2 1 U20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 2 1 U21 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 U22 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 U23 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 U24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 U25 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 U26 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 U27 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 U28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 U29 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 U30 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 U31 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 U32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 U33 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 3 1 U34 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 3 1 U35 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —H 3 1 U36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 3 1 U37 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 3 1 U38 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 3 1 U39 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 3 1 U40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 3 1 U41 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 3 1 U42 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 3 1 U43 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 3 1 U44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 3 1 U45 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 1 U46 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 1 U47 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 1 U48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 1 U49 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 U50 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 U51 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —H 1 2 U52 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 1 2 U53 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 U54 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 U55 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 U56 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 U57 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 U58 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 U59 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 U60 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 U61 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 U62 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 U63 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 U64 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 U65 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 U66 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 U67 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —H 2 2 U68 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 2 2 U69 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 U70 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 U71 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 U72 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 U73 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 U74 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 U75 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 U76 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 U77 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 U78 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 U79 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 U80 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 U81 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 3 2 U82 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 3 2 U83 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —H 3 2 U84 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 3 2 U85 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 3 2 U86 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 3 2 U87 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 3 2 U88 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 3 2 U89 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 3 2 U90 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 3 2 U91 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 3 2 U92 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 3 2 U93 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 2 U94 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 2 U95 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 2 U96 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 2 U97 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 U98 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 U99 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 U100 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 U101 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 U102 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 U103 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 U104 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 U105 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 U106 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 U107 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 U108 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 U109 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 U110 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 U111 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 U112 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 U113 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 U114 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 U115 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 U116 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 U117 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 U118 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 U119 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 U120 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 U121 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 U122 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 U123 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 U124 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 U125 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 U126 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 U127 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 U128 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 U129 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 3 1 U130 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 3 1 U131 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 3 1 U132 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 3 1 U133 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 1 U134 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 1 U135 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 1 U136 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 1 U137 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 U138 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 U139 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 U140 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 U141 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 U142 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 U143 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 U144 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 U145 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 U146 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 U147 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 U148 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 U149 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 U150 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 U151 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 U152 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 U153 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 U154 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 U155 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 U156 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 U157 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 U158 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 U159 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 U160 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 U161 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 U162 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 U163 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 U164 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 U165 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 U166 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 U167 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 U168 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 U169 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 U170 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 U171 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 U172 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 U173 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 U174 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 U175 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 U176 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 U177 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 3 2 U178 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 3 2 U179 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 3 2 U180 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 3 2 U181 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 2 U182 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 2 U183 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 2 U184 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 2 U185 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 U186 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 U187 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 U188 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 U189 a orb —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 U190 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 U191 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 U192 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2

TABLE 22 V Compounds (VXa)

(VXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²⁰ T R⁵ R^(5′) s d V1 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 V2 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 1 V3 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —H 1 1 V4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 1 1 V5 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 V6 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 V7 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 V8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 1 1 V9 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 V10 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 V11 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 V12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 1 1 V13 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 V14 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 V15 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 V16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 1 V17 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 V18 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 1 V19 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —H 2 1 V20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 2 1 V21 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 V22 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 V23 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 V24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 2 1 V25 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 V26 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 V27 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 V28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 2 1 V29 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 V30 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 V31 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 V32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 1 V33 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 3 1 V34 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 3 1 V35 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —H 3 1 V36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 3 1 V37 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 3 1 V38 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 3 1 V39 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 3 1 V40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 3 1 V41 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 3 1 V42 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 3 1 V43 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 3 1 V44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 3 1 V45 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 1 V46 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 1 V47 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 1 V48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 1 V49 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 V50 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 1 2 V51 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —H 1 2 V52 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 1 2 V53 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 V54 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 V55 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 V56 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 1 2 V57 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 V58 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 V59 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 V60 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 1 2 V61 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 V62 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 V63 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 V64 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 2 V65 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 V66 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 2 2 V67 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —H 2 2 V68 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 2 2 V69 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 V70 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 V71 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 V72 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 2 2 V73 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 V74 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 V75 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 V76 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 2 2 V77 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 V78 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 V79 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 V80 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 2 V81 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —H 3 2 V82 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —H 3 2 V83 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —H 3 2 V84 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —H 3 2 V85 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 3 2 V86 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —H 3 2 V87 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 3 2 V88 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —H 3 2 V89 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 3 2 V90 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —H 3 2 V91 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 3 2 V92 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —H 3 2 V93 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 2 V94 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 2 V95 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 2 V96 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 2 V97 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 V98 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 V99 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 V100 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 1 1 V101 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 V102 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 V103 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 V104 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 1 V105 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 V106 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 V107 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 V108 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 V109 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 V110 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 V111 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 V112 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 1 V113 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 V114 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 V115 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 V116 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 2 1 V117 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 V118 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 V119 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 V120 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 1 V121 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 V122 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 V123 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 V124 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 V125 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 V126 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 V127 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 V128 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 1 V129 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 3 1 V130 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 3 1 V131 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 3 1 V132 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 3 1 V133 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 1 V134 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 1 V135 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 1 V136 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 1 V137 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 V138 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 V139 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 V140 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 V141 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 V142 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 V143 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 V144 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 1 V145 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 V146 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 V147 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 V148 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 1 2 V149 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 V150 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 V151 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 V152 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 2 V153 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 V154 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 V155 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 V156 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 V157 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 V158 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 V159 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 V160 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 2 V161 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 V162 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 V163 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 V164 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 2 2 V165 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 V166 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 V167 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 V168 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 2 V169 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 V170 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 V171 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 V172 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 V173 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 V174 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 V175 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 V176 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 2 V177 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 3 2 V178 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₃ 3 2 V179 a or b -n-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 3 2 V180 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H —CH₃ 3 2 V181 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 2 V182 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 2 V183 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 2 V184 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 2 V185 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 V186 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 V187 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 V188 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 V189 a orb —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 V190 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 V191 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2 V192 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 2

TABLE 23 W Compounds (WXa)

(WXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²⁰ T R⁵ s W1 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 1 W2 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 W3 a or b -n-propyl —H —H 1 W4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 1 W5 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 W6 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 W7 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 W8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 W9 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 W10 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 W11 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 W12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 W13 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 W14 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 W15 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 W16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 W17 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 2 W18 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 W19 a or b -n-propyl —H —H 2 W20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 2 W21 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 W22 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 W23 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 W24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 W25 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 W26 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 W27 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 W28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 W29 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 W30 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 W31 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 W32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 W33 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 3 W34 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 3 W35 a or b -n-propyl —H —H 3 W36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 3 W37 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 W38 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 W39 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H 3 W40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 3 W41 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 W42 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 W43 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ 3 W44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 3 W45 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 W46 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 W47 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 W48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 3

TABLE 24 Y Compounds (YXa)

(YXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²⁰ T R⁵ s Y1 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 1 Y2 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 1 Y3 a or b -n-propyl —H —H 1 Y4 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 1 Y5 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 Y6 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 1 Y7 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 Y8 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 1 Y9 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 Y10 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 1 Y11 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 Y12 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 1 Y13 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 Y14 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 Y15 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 Y16 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 1 Y17 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 2 Y18 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 2 Y19 a or b -n-propyl —H —H 2 Y20 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 2 Y21 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 Y22 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 2 Y23 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 Y24 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 2 Y25 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 Y26 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 2 Y27 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 Y28 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 2 Y29 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 Y30 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 Y31 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 Y32 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 2 Y33 a or b —CH₃ —H —H 3 Y34 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H 3 Y35 a or b -n-propyl —H —H 3 Y36 a or b -iso-propyl —H —H 3 Y37 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 Y38 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H 3 Y39 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —H 3 Y40 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —H 3 Y41 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 Y42 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ 3 Y43 a or b -n-propyl —H —CH₃ 3 Y44 a or b -iso-propyl —H —CH₃ 3 Y45 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 Y46 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 Y47 a or b -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 3 Y48 a or b -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₃ 3

TABLE 25 Z Compounds (ZXa)

(ZXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²⁰ R²¹ R⁵ A Z1 a or b —CN —H —H —CH₂— Z2 a or b —NH₂ —H —H —CH₂— Z3 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂— Z4 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂— Z5 a or b —CN —CH₃ —H —CH₂— Z6 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —CH₂— Z7 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂— Z8 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂— Z9 a or b —CN —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂— Z10 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂— Z11 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂— Z12 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂— Z13 a or b —CN -n-propyl —H —CH₂— Z14 a or b —NH₂ -n-propyl —H —CH₂— Z15 a or b —CH₃ -n-propyl —H —CH₂— Z16 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -n-propyl —H —CH₂— Z17 a or b —CN -iso-propyl —H —CH₂— Z18 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —CH₂— Z19 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —CH₂— Z20 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —CH₂— Z21 a or b —CN —CH₂CO₂H —H —CH₂— Z22 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CO₂H —H —CH₂— Z23 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —H —CH₂— Z24 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —H —CH₂— Z25 a or b —CN —H —CH₃ —CH₂— Z26 a or b —NH₂ —H —CH₃ —CH₂— Z27 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂— Z28 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂— Z29 a or b —CN —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— Z30 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— Z31 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— Z32 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— Z33 a or b —CN —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— Z34 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— Z35 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— Z36 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— Z37 a or b —CN -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂— Z38 a or b —NH₂ -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂— Z39 a or b —CH₃ -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂— Z40 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂— Z41 a or b —CN -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂— Z42 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂— Z43 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂— Z44 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂— Z45 a or b —CN —CH₂CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₂— Z46 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₂— Z47 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₂— Z48 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₂— Z49 a or b —CN —H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z50 a or b —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z51 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z52 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z53 a or b —CN —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z54 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z55 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z56 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z57 a or b —CN —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z58 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z59 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z60 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z61 a or b —CN -n-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z62 a or b —NH₂ -n-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z63 a or b —CH₃ -n-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z64 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -n-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z65 a or b —CN -iso-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z66 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z67 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z68 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z69 a or b —CN —CH₂CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z70 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z71 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z72 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂— Z73 a or b —CN —H —H —CH₂CH₂— Z74 a or b —NH₂ —H —H —CH₂CH₂— Z75 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₂— Z76 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₂— Z77 a or b —CN —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— Z78 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— Z79 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— Z80 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— Z81 a or b —CN —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— Z82 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— Z83 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— Z84 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— Z85 a or b —CN -n-propyl —H —CH₂CH₂— Z86 a or b —NH₂ -n-propyl —H —CH₂CH₂— Z87 a or b —CH₃ -n-propyl —H —CH₂CH₂— Z88 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -n-propyl —H —CH₂CH₂— Z89 a or b —CN -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₂— Z90 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₂— Z91 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₂— Z92 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —CH₂CH₂— Z93 a or b —CN —CH₂CO₂H —H —CH₂CH₂— Z94 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CO₂H —H —CH₂CH₂— Z95 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —H —CH₂CH₂— Z96 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —H —CH₂CH₂— Z97 a or b —CN —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z98 a or b —NH₂ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z99 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z100 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z101 a or b —CN —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z102 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z103 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z104 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z105 a or b —CN —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z106 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z107 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z108 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z109 a or b —CN -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z110 a or b —NH₂ -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z111 a or b —CH₃ -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z112 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z113 a or b —CN -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z114 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z115 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z116 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z117 a or b —CN —CH₂CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z118 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z119 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z120 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z121 a or b —CN —H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z122 a or b —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z123 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z124 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z125 a or b —CN —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z126 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z127 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z128 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z129 a or b —CN —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z130 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z131 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z132 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z133 a or b —CN -n-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z134 a or b —NH₂ -n-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z135 a or b —CH₃ -n-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z136 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -n-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z137 a or b —CN -iso-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z138 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z139 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z140 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z141 a or b —CN —CH₂CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z142 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z143 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z144 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— Z145 a or b —CN —H —H —CH₂O— Z146 a or b —NH₂ —H —H —CH₂O— Z147 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂O— Z148 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —H —CH₂O— Z149 a or b —CN —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— Z150 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— Z151 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— Z152 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— Z153 a or b —CN —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂O— Z154 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂O— Z155 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂O— Z156 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂O— Z157 a or b —CN -n-propyl —H —CH₂O— Z158 a or b —NH₂ -n-propyl —H —CH₂O— Z159 a or b —CH₃ -n-propyl —H —CH₂O— Z160 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -n-propyl —H —CH₂O— Z161 a or b —CN -iso-propyl —H —CH₂O— Z162 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —CH₂O— Z163 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —CH₂O— Z164 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —CH₂O— Z165 a or b —CN —CH₂CO₂H —H —CH₂O— Z166 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CO₂H —H —CH₂O— Z167 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —H —CH₂O— Z168 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —H —CH₂O— Z169 a or b —CN —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z170 a or b —NH₂ —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z171 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z172 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z173 a or b —CN —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z174 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z175 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z176 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z177 a or b —CN —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z178 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z179 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z180 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z181 a or b —CN -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z182 a or b —NH₂ -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z183 a or b —CH₃ -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z184 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -n-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z185 a or b —CN -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z186 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z187 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z188 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z189 a or b —CN —CH₂CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z190 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z191 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z192 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₂O— Z193 a or b —CN —H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z194 a or b —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z195 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z196 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z197 a or b —CN —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z198 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z199 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z200 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z201 a or b —CN —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z202 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z203 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z204 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z205 a or b —CN -n-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z206 a or b —NH₂ -n-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z207 a or b —CH₃ -n-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z208 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -n-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z209 a or b —CN -iso-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z210 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z211 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z212 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z213 a or b —CN —CH₂CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z214 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z215 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O— Z216 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂O—

TABLE 26 AA Compounds (AAXa)

(AAXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound T T′ R⁵ A r s AA1 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂— 0 1 AA2 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂— 0 1 AA3 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 1 AA4 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 1 AA5 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 AA6 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 AA7 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 AA8 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 AA9 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 AA10 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 AA11 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 AA12 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 AA13 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 AA14 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 AA15 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 AA16 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 AA17 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂O— 0 1 AA18 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂O— 0 1 AA19 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 AA20 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 AA21 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 AA22 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 AA23 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 AA24 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 AA25 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂— 1 1 AA26 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂— 1 1 AA27 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 1 AA28 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 1 AA29 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 AA30 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 AA31 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 AA32 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 AA33 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 AA34 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 AA35 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 AA36 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 AA37 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 AA38 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 AA39 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 AA40 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 AA41 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂O— 1 1 AA42 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂O— 1 1 AA43 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 AA44 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 AA45 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 AA46 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 AA47 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 AA48 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 AA49 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂— 2 1 AA50 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂— 2 1 AA51 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 1 AA52 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 1 AA53 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 AA54 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 AA55 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 AA56 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 AA57 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 AA58 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 AA59 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 AA60 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 AA61 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 AA62 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 AA63 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 AA64 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 AA65 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂O— 2 1 AA66 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂O— 2 1 AA67 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 AA68 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 AA69 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 AA70 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 AA71 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 AA72 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 AA73 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂— 0 2 AA74 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂— 0 2 AA75 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 2 AA76 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 2 AA77 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 AA78 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 AA79 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 AA80 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 AA81 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 AA82 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 AA83 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 AA84 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 AA85 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 AA86 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 AA87 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 AA88 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 AA89 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂O— 0 2 AA90 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂O— 0 2 AA91 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 AA92 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 AA93 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 AA94 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 AA95 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 AA96 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 AA97 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂— 1 2 AA98 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂— 1 2 AA99 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 2 AA100 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 2 AA101 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 AA102 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 AA103 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 AA104 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 AA105 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 AA106 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 AA107 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 AA108 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 AA109 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 AA110 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 AA111 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 AA112 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 AA113 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂O— 1 2 AA114 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂O— 1 2 AA115 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 AA116 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 AA117 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 AA118 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 AA119 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 AA120 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 AA121 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂— 2 2 AA122 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂— 2 2 AA123 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 2 AA124 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 2 AA125 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 AA126 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 AA127 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 AA128 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 AA129 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 AA130 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 AA131 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 AA132 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 AA133 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 AA134 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 AA135 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 AA136 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 AA137 a or b —H —H —H —CH₂O— 2 2 AA138 a or b —CH₃ —H —H —CH₂O— 2 2 AA139 a or b —H —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 AA140 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 AA141 a or b —H —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 AA142 a or b —CH₃ —H —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 AA143 a or b —H —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 AA144 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2

TABLE 27 BB Compounds (BBXa)

(BBXb)

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R²⁰ R^(c) R^(c′) R^(a) R⁵ A BB1 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB2 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB3 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB4 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB5 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB6 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— BB7 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— BB8 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— BB9 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— BB10 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— BB11 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB12 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB13 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB14 a or b —CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB15 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB16 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB17 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB18 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB19 a or b —CO₂H -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB20 a or b —C(O)NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂— BB21 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB22 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB23 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB24 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB25 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB26 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB27 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB28 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB29 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB30 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB31 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB32 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB33 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB34 a or b —CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB35 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB36 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB37 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB38 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB39 a or b —CO₂H -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB40 a or b —C(O)NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂— BB41 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB42 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB43 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB44 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB45 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB46 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB47 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB48 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB49 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB50 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB51 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB52 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB53 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB54 a or b —CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB55 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB56 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB57 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB58 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB59 a or b —CO₂H -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB60 a or b —C(O)NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— BB61 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB62 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB63 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB64 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB65 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB66 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB67 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB68 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB69 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB70 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB71 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB72 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB73 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB74 a or b —CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB75 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB76 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB77 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB78 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB79 a or b —CO₂H -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB80 a or b —C(O)NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— BB81 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB82 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB83 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB84 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB85 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB86 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB87 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB88 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB89 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB90 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB91 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB92 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB93 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB94 a or b —CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB95 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB96 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB97 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB98 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB99 a or b —CO₂H -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB100 a or b —C(O)NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— BB101 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB102 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB103 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB104 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB105 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB106 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB107 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB108 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB109 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB110 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB111 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB112 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB113 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB114 a or b —CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB115 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB116 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB117 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB118 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB119 a or b —CO₂H -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB120 a or b —C(O)NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— BB121 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB122 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB123 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB124 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB125 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB126 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB127 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB128 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB129 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB130 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB131 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB132 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB133 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB134 a or b —CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB135 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB136 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB137 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB138 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB139 a or b —CO₂H -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB140 a or b —C(O)NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB141 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB142 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB143 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB144 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB145 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB146 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB147 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB148 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB149 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB150 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB151 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB152 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB153 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB154 a or b —CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB155 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB156 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB157 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB158 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB159 a or b —CO₂H -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB160 a or b —C(O)NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— BB161 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB162 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB163 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB164 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB165 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB166 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— BB167 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— BB168 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— BB169 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— BB170 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— BB171 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB172 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB173 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB174 a or b —CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB175 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB176 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB177 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB178 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB179 a or b —CO₂H -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB180 a or b —C(O)NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —OH —H —CH₂O— BB181 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB182 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB183 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB184 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB185 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB186 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB187 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB188 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB189 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB190 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB191 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB192 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB193 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB194 a or b —CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB195 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB196 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB197 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB198 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB199 a or b —CO₂H -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB200 a or b —C(O)NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— BB201 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB202 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB203 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB204 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB205 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB206 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB207 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB208 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB209 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB210 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB211 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB212 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB213 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB214 a or b —CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB215 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB216 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB217 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB218 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB219 a or b —CO₂H -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB220 a or b —C(O)NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB221 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB222 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB223 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB224 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB225 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB226 a or b —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB227 a or b —CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB228 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB229 a or b —CO₂H —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB230 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB231 a or b —NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB232 a or b —CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB233 a or b —CH₂CH₃ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB234 a or b —CO₂H —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB235 a or b —C(O)NH₂ —CH₂CH₃ —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB236 a or b —NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB237 a or b —CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB238 a or b —CH₂CH₃ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB239 a or b —CO₂H -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— BB240 a or b —C(O)NH₂ -iso-propyl —H —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O—

TABLE 28 CC Compounds

(CCXa)

(CCXb) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof, where: Compound R^(a) R^(a′) R⁵ A r s CC1 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC2 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC3 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC4 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC5 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC6 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC7 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC8 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC9 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC10 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC11 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC12 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC13 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC14 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC15 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC16 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC17 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC18 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC19 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC20 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC21 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC22 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC23 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC24 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC25 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 0 1 CC26 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC27 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC28 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC29 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC30 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC31 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC32 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC33 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC34 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC35 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC36 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC37 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC38 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC39 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC40 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC41 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC42 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC43 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC44 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC45 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC46 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC47 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC48 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC49 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC50 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 1 CC51 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC52 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC53 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC54 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC55 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC56 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC57 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC58 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC59 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC60 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC61 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC62 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC63 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC64 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC65 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC66 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC67 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC68 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC69 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC70 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC71 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC72 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC73 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC74 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC75 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC76 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC77 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC78 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC79 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC80 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC81 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC82 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC83 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC84 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC85 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC86 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC87 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC88 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC89 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC90 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC91 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC92 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC93 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC94 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC95 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC96 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC97 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC98 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC99 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC100 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 1 CC101 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC102 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC103 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC104 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC105 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC106 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC107 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC108 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC109 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC110 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC111 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC112 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC113 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC114 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC115 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC116 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC117 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC118 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC119 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC120 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC121 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC122 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC123 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC124 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC125 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 1 CC126 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC127 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC128 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC129 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC130 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC131 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC132 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC133 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC134 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC135 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC136 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC137 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC138 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC139 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC140 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC141 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC142 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC143 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC144 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC145 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC146 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC147 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC148 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC149 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC150 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 1 CC151 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC152 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC153 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC154 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC155 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC156 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC157 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC158 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC159 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC160 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC161 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC162 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC163 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC164 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC165 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC166 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC167 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC168 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC169 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC170 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC171 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC172 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC173 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC174 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC175 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 1 1 CC176 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC177 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC178 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC179 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC180 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC181 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC182 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC183 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC184 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC185 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC186 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC187 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC188 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC189 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC190 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC191 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC192 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC193 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC194 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC195 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC196 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC197 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC198 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC199 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC200 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 1 CC201 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC202 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC203 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC204 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC205 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC206 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC207 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC208 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC209 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC210 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC211 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC212 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC213 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC214 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC215 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC216 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC217 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC218 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC219 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC220 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC221 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC222 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC223 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC224 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC225 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC226 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC227 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC228 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC229 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC230 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC231 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC232 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC233 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC234 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC235 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC236 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC237 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC238 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC239 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC240 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC241 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC242 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC243 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC244 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC245 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC246 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC247 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC248 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC249 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC250 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 1 CC251 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC252 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC253 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC254 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC255 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC256 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC257 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC258 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC259 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC260 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC261 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC262 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC263 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC264 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC265 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC266 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC267 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC268 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC269 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC270 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC271 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC272 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC273 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC274 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC275 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 1 CC276 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC277 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC278 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC279 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC280 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC281 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC282 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC283 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC284 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC285 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC286 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC287 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC288 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC289 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC290 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC291 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC292 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC293 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC294 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC295 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC296 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC297 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC298 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC299 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC300 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 1 CC301 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC302 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC303 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC304 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC305 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC306 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC307 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC308 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC309 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC310 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC311 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC312 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC313 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC314 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC315 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC316 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC317 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC318 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC319 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC320 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC321 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC322 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC323 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC324 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC325 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 2 1 CC326 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC327 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC328 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC329 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC330 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC331 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC332 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC333 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC334 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC335 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC336 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC337 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC338 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC339 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC340 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC341 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC342 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC343 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC344 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC345 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC346 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC347 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC348 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC349 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC350 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 1 CC351 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC352 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC353 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC354 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC355 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC356 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC357 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC358 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC359 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC360 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC361 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC362 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC363 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC364 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC365 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC366 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC367 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC368 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC369 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC370 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC371 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC372 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC373 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC374 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC375 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC376 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC377 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC378 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC379 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC380 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC381 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC382 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC383 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC384 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC385 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC386 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC387 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC388 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC389 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC390 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC391 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC392 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC393 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC394 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC395 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC396 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC397 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC398 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC399 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC400 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 1 CC401 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC402 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC403 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC404 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC405 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC406 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC407 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC408 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC409 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC410 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC411 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC412 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC413 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC414 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC415 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC416 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC417 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC418 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC419 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC420 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC421 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC422 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC423 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC424 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC425 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 1 CC426 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC427 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC428 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC429 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC430 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC431 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC432 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC433 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC434 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC435 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC436 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC437 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC438 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC439 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC440 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC441 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC442 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC443 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC444 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC445 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC446 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC447 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC448 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC449 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC450 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 1 CC451 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC452 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC453 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC454 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC455 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC456 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC457 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC458 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC459 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC460 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC461 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC462 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC463 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC464 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC465 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC466 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC467 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC468 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC469 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC470 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC471 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC472 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC473 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC474 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC475 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 0 2 CC476 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC477 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC478 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC479 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC480 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC481 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC482 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC483 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC484 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC485 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC486 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC487 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC488 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC489 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC490 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC491 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC492 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC493 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC494 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC495 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC496 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC497 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC498 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC499 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC500 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 0 2 CC501 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC502 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC503 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC504 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC505 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC506 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC507 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC508 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC509 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC510 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC511 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC512 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC513 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC514 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC515 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC516 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC517 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC518 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC519 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC520 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC521 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC522 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC523 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC524 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC525 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC526 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC527 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC528 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC529 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC530 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC531 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC532 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC533 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC534 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC535 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC536 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC537 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC538 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC539 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC540 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC541 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC542 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC543 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC544 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC545 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC546 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC547 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC548 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC549 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC550 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 0 2 CC551 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC552 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC553 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC554 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC555 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC556 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC557 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC558 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC559 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC560 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC561 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC562 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC563 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC564 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC565 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC566 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC567 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC568 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC569 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC570 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC571 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC572 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC573 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC574 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC575 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 0 2 CC576 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC577 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC578 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC579 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC580 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC581 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC582 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC583 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC584 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC585 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC586 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC587 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC588 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC589 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC590 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC591 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC592 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC593 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC594 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC595 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC596 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC597 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC598 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC599 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC600 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 0 2 CC601 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC602 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC603 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC604 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC605 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC606 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC607 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC608 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC609 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC610 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC611 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC612 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC613 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC614 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC615 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC616 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC617 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC618 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC619 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC620 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC621 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC622 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC623 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC624 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC625 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 1 2 CC626 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC627 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC628 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC629 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC630 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC631 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC632 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC633 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC634 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC635 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC636 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC637 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC638 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC639 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC640 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC641 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC642 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC643 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC644 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC645 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC646 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC647 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC648 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC649 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC650 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 1 2 CC651 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC652 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC653 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC654 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC655 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC656 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC657 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC658 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC659 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC660 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC661 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC662 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC663 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC664 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC665 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC666 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC667 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC668 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC669 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC670 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC671 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC672 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC673 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC674 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC675 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC676 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC677 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC678 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC679 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC680 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC681 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC682 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC683 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC684 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC685 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC686 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC687 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC688 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC689 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC690 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC691 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC692 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC693 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC694 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC695 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC696 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC697 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC698 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC699 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC700 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 1 2 CC701 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC702 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC703 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC704 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC705 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC706 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC707 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC708 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC709 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC710 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC711 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC712 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC713 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC714 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC715 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC716 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC717 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC718 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC719 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC720 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC721 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC722 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC723 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC724 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC725 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 1 2 CC726 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC727 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC728 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC729 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC730 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC731 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC732 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC733 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC734 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC735 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC736 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC737 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC738 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC739 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC740 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC741 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC742 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC743 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC744 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC745 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC746 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC747 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC748 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC749 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC750 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 1 2 CC751 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC752 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC753 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC754 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC755 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC756 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC757 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC758 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC759 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC760 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC761 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC762 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC763 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC764 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC765 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC766 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC767 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC768 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC769 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC770 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC771 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC772 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC773 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC774 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC775 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂— 2 2 CC776 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC777 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC778 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC779 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC780 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC781 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC782 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC783 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC784 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC785 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC786 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC787 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC788 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC789 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC790 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC791 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC792 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC793 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC794 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC795 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC796 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC797 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC798 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC799 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC800 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂— 2 2 CC801 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC802 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC803 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC804 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC805 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC806 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC807 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC808 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC809 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC810 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC811 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC812 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC813 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC814 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC815 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC816 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC817 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC818 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC819 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC820 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC821 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC822 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC823 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC824 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC825 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC826 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC827 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC828 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC829 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC830 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC831 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC832 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC833 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC834 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC835 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC836 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC837 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC838 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC839 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC840 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC841 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC842 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC843 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC844 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC845 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC846 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC847 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC848 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC849 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC850 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂CH₂— 2 2 CC851 a or b —OH —OH —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC852 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC853 a or b —NH₂ —OH —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC854 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC855 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC856 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC857 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC858 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC859 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC860 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC861 a or b —OH —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC862 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC863 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC864 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC865 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC866 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC867 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC868 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC869 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC870 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC871 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC872 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC873 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC874 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC875 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —H —CH₂O— 2 2 CC876 a or b —OH —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC877 a or b —OCH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC878 a or b —NH₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC879 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC880 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OH —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC881 a or b —OH —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC882 a or b —OCH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC883 a or b —NH₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC884 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC885 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —OCH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC886 a or b —OH —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC887 a or b —OCH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC888 a or b —NH₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC889 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC890 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —NH₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC891 a or b —OH —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC892 a or b —OCH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC893 a or b —NH₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC894 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC895 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(H)CH₃ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC896 a or b —OH —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC897 a or b —OCH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC898 a or b —NH₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC899 a or b —N(H)CH₃ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2 CC900 a or b —N(CH₃)₂ —N(CH₃)₂ —CH₃ —CH₂O— 2 2

4.4 Definitions

As used in connection with the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds disclosed herein, the terms used herein having following meanings:

“—(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyls include -methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, -n-butyl, -n-pentyl, -n-hexyl, -n-heptyl, -n-octyl, -n-nonyl, and -n-decyl. A branched alkyl means that one or more straight chain —(C₁-C₈)alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, replace one or both hydrogens in a —CH₂— group of a straight chain alkyl. A branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon means that one or more straight chain —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, replace one or both hydrogens in a —CH₂— group of a straight chain non-cyclic hydrocarbon. Representative branched —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyls include -iso-propyl, -sec-butyl, -iso-butyl, -tert-butyl, -iso-pentyl, -neo-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3-ethylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 4-methylhexyl, 5-methylhexyl, 1,2-dimethylpentyl, 1,3-dimethylpentyl, 1,2-dimethylhexyl, 1,3-dimethylhexyl, 3,3-dimethylhexyl, 1,2-dimethylheptyl, 1,3-dimethylheptyl, and 3,3-dimethylheptyl.

“—(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl- moieties include meth-1,1-diyl, eth-1,1-diyl, eth-1,2-diyl, n-prop-1,1-diyl, n-prop-1,2-diyl, n-prop-1,3-diyl, n-but-1,1-diyl, n-but-1,2-diyl, n-but-1,3-diyl, n-but-1,4-diyl, iso-but-1,1-diyl, iso-but-1,2-diyl, iso-but-1,3-diyl, n-deca-1,1-diyl, n-deca-1,2-diyl, n-deca-1,3-diyl, n-deca-1,4-diyl, n-deca-1,5-diyl, n-deca-1,6-diyl, n-deca-1,7-diyl, n-deca-1,8-diyl, n-deca-1,9-diyl, n-deca-1,10-diyl, and the like.

“—(C₁-C₆)alkyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain —(C₁-C₆)alkyls include -methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, -n-butyl, -n-pentyl, and -n-hexyl. Representative branched —(C₁-C₆)alkyls include -iso-propyl, -sec-butyl, -iso-butyl, -tert-butyl, -iso-pentyl, -neo-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3-ethylbutyl, 1,1-dimethtylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, and 3,3-dimethylbutyl.

“—(C₁-C₆)alkyl-” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative —(C₁-C₆)alkyl- moieties include meth-1,1-diyl, eth-1,1-diyl, eth-1,2-diyl, n-prop-1,1-diyl, n-prop-1,2-diyl, n-prop-1,3-diyl, n-but-1,1-diyl, n-but-1,2-diyl, n-but-1,3-diyl, n-but-1,4-diyl, iso-but-1,1-diyl, iso-but-1,2-diyl, iso-but-1,3-diyl, and the like.

“—(C₁-C₄)alkyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain —(C₁-C₄)alkyls include -methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, and -n-butyl. Representative branched —(C₁-C₄)alkyls include -iso-propyl, -sec-butyl, -iso-butyl, and -tert-butyl.

“—(C₁-C₄)alkyl-” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative —(C₁-C₄)alkyl- moieties include meth-1,1-diyl, eth-1,1-diyl, eth-1,2-diyl, n-prop-1,1-diyl, n-prop-1,2-diyl, n-prop-1,3-diyl, n-but-1,2-diyl, n-but-1,3-diyl, n-but-1,4-diyl, and the like.

“—(C₁-C₃)alkyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 1, 2, or 3 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain —(C₁-C₃)alkyls include -methyl, -ethyl, and -n-propyl. Representative branched —(C₁-C₃)alkyls include -iso-propyl.

“—(C₁-C₃)alkyl-” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 1, 2, or 3 carbon atoms where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative —(C₁-C₃)alkyl- moieties include meth-1,1-diyl, eth-1,1-diyl, eth-1,2-diyl, n-prop-1,1-diyl, n-prop-1,2-diyl, n-prop-1,3-diyl, and the like.

“—(C₁-C₂)alkyl” means a straight chain non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 1 or 2 carbon atoms. Representative —(C₁-C₂)alkyls include -methyl and -ethyl.

“—(C₁-C₂)alkyl-” means a straight chain non-cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 1 or 2 carbon atoms where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative —(C₁-C₂)alkyl- moieties include meth-1,1-diyl, eth-1,1-diyl, and eth-1,2-diyl.

“—(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond. A branched alkenyl means that one or more straight chain —(C₁-C₈)alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, replace one or both hydrogens in a —CH₂— or —CH═ group of a straight chain alkenyl. Representative straight chain and branched (C₂-C₁₀)alkenyls include -vinyl, -allyl, -1-butenyl, -2-butenyl, -iso-butylenyl, -1-pentenyl, -2-pentenyl, -3-methyl-1-butenyl, -2-methyl-2-butenyl, -2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, -1-hexenyl, -2-hexenyl, -3-hexenyl, -1-heptenyl, -2-heptenyl, -3-heptenyl, -1-octenyl, -2-octenyl, -3-octenyl, -1-nonenyl, -2-nonenyl, -3-nonenyl, -1-decenyl, -2-decenyl, -3-decenyl, and the like.

“—(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl-” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl-moieties include vin-1,1-diyl, vin-1,2-diyl, prop-1-en-1,1-diyl, prop-1-en-1,2-diyl, prop-1-en-1,3-diyl, prop-2-en-1,1-diyl, prop-2-en-1,3-diyl, 2-methylprop-1-en-3,3-diyl, but-2-en-1,1-diyl, but-1-en-4,4-diyl, but-1-en-1,4-diyl, but-2-en-1,4-diyl, but-3-en-1,4-diyl, but-1-en-1,3-diyl, and the like.

“—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Representative straight chain and branched (C₂-C₆)alkenyls include -vinyl, -allyl, -1-butenyl, -2-butenyl, -iso-butylenyl, -1-pentenyl, -2-pentenyl, -3-methyl-1-butenyl, -2-methyl-2-butenyl, -2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, -1-hexenyl, -2-hexenyl, -3-hexenyl, and the like.

“—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl-” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl- moieties include vin-1,1-diyl, vin-1,2-diyl, prop-1-en-1,1-diyl, prop-1-en-1,2-diyl, prop-1-en-1,3-diyl, prop-2-en-1,1-diyl, prop-2-en-1,3-diyl, 2-methylprop-1-en-3,3-diyl, but-2-en-1,1-diyl, but-1-en-4,4-diyl, but-1-en-1,4-diyl, but-2-en-1,4-diyl, but-3-en-1,4-diyl, but-1-en-1,3-diyl, and the like.

“—(C₂-C₃)alkenyl” means a straight chain non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 2 or 3 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Representative (C₂-C₃)alkenyls include -vinyl, -allyl, and 1-prop-1-enyl.

“—(C₂-C₃)alkenyl-” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon moiety having 2 or 3 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond where two hydrogen atoms on the same or a different carbon atom of the moiety are each figuratively removed and replaced by a bond to one of the two adjoining groups. Representative —(C₂-C₃)alkenyl- moieties include vin-1,1-diyl, vin-1,2-diyl, prop-1-en-1,1-diyl, prop-1-en-1,2-diyl, prop-1-en-1,3-diyl, prop-2-en-1,1-diyl, and prop-2-en-1,3-diyl.

“—(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. A branched alkynyl means that one or more straight chain —(C₁-C₈)alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, replace one or both hydrogens in a —CH₂— group of a straight chain alkynyl. Representative straight chain and branched —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyls include -ethynyl(-acetylenyl), -propynyl, -1-butynyl, -2-butynyl, -1-pentynyl, -2-pentynyl, -3-methyl-1-butynyl, -4-pentynyl, -1-hexynyl, -2-hexynyl, -5-hexynyl, -1-heptynyl, -2-heptynyl, -6-heptynyl, -1-octynyl, -2-octynyl, -7-octynyl, -1-nonynyl, -2-nonynyl, -8-nonynyl, -1-decynyl, -2-decynyl, -9-decynyl, and the like.

“—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Representative straight chain and branched (C₂-C₆)alkynyls include -ethynyl(-acetylenyl), -propynyl, -1-butynyl, -2-butynyl, -1-pentynyl, -2-pentynyl, -3-methyl-1-butynyl, -4-pentynyl, -1-hexynyl, -2-hexynyl, -5-hexynyl, and the like.

“—(C₁-C₆)alkoxy” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having one or more ether groups and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain and branched (C₁-C₆)alkoxys include -methoxy, -ethoxy, -methoxymethyl, -2-methoxyethyl, -5-methoxypentyl, -3-ethoxybutyl, (methoxymethoxy)methyl-, 1-(methoxy)-1-methoxyethyl-, trimethoxymethyl-, 2-((methoxy)methoxy)-2-methylpropyl-, 3-(1,1,1-trimethoxypropane), (methoxy)trimethoxymethyl-, (2,2,2-trimethoxyethoxy)-, and the like.

“—(C₁-C₄)alkoxy” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having one or more ether groups and 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain and branched (C₁-C₄)alkoxys include -methoxy, -ethoxy, -methoxymethyl, -2-methoxyethyl, (methoxymethoxy)methyl-, 1-(methoxy)-1-methoxyethyl-, trimethoxymethyl-, and the like.

“—(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl” means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 carbon atoms. Representative (C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyls are -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -cycloheptyl, -cyclooctyl, -cyclononyl, -cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl, -cyclododecyl, and -cyclotetradecyl.

“—(C₃-C₁₂)cycloalkyl” means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms. Representative (C₃-C₁₂)cycloalkyls are -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -cycloheptyl, -cyclooctyl, -cyclononyl, -cyclodecyl, -cycloundecyl, and -cyclododecyl.

“—(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl” means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms. Representative (C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyls are -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -cycloheptyl, -cyclooctyl, -cyclononyl, and -cyclodecyl.

“—(C₆-C₁₂)cycloalkyl” means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms. Representative (C₆-C₁₂)cycloalkyls are -cyclohexyl, -cycloheptyl, -cyclooctyl, -cyclononyl, -cyclodecyl, -cycloundecyl, and -cyclododecyl.

“—(C₄-C₈)cycloalkyl” or “4- to 8-member cycloalkyl ring” means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms. Representative —(C₄-C₈)cycloalkyls are -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -cycloheptyl, and -cyclooctyl.

“—(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl” means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms. Representative (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyls include -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -cycloheptyl, and -cyclooctyl.

“—(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl” means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 carbon atoms. Representative (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, and -cycloheptyl.

“—(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl” means a bicyclic hydrocarbon ring system having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 carbon atoms and at least one saturated cyclic alkyl ring. In one embodiment, the —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl has one saturated cyclic alkyl ring. In another embodiment, the —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl has two saturated cyclic alkyl rings. Representative —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyls include -indanyl, -norbornyl, -1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, -5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, -perhydronaphthalenyl, -bicyclo[2.2.1]hexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1.]heptyl, -bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, -bicyclo[3.3.1]heptyl, -bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, -bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, -bicyclo[3.3.2]decyl, -bicyclo[3.3.3]undecyl, -bicyclo[4.2.2]decyl, -bicyclo[4.3.2]undecyl, -bicyclo[4.3.1]decyl, and the like.

“—(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl” means a tri-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system having 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbon atoms and at least one saturated cyclic alkyl ring; thus, one of the rings can comprise, e.g., benzo. In one embodiment, the —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl has one saturated cyclic alkyl ring. In another embodiment, the —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl has two saturated cyclic alkyl rings. In another embodiment, the —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl has three saturated cyclic alkyl rings. Representative —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyls include -pyrenyl, -adamantyl, -noradamantyl, -1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracenyl, -1,2,3,4,4a,9,9a,10-octahydroanthracenyl, -perhydroanthracenyl, -aceanthrenyl, -1,2,3,4-tetrahydropenanthrenyl, -5,6,7,8-tetrahydrophenanthrenyl, -1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrenyl, -perhydrophenanthrenyl, -tetradecahydro-1H-cyclohepta[a]naphthyl, -tetradecahydro-1H-cycloocta[e]indenyl, -tetradecahydro-1H-cyclohepta[e]azulenyl, -hexadecahydrocycloocta[b]naphthyl, -hexadecahydrocyclohepta[a]heptalenyl, -tricyclo-pentadecanyl, -tricyclo-octadecanyl, -tricyclo-nonadecanyl, -tricyclo-icosanyl, -2,3-benzobicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, -6,7-benzobicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, -9,10-benzobicyclo[3.3.2]decanyl, -2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-fluorenyl, -1,2,3,4,4a,8b-hexahydrobiphenylenyl, and the like. A preferred embodiment of a —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl is a —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl.

“—(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl” means a tri-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system having 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbon atoms and at least one saturated cyclic alkyl ring; thus, one of the rings can comprise, e.g., benzo. In one embodiment, the —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl has one saturated cyclic alkyl ring. In another embodiment, the —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl has two saturated cyclic alkyl rings. In another embodiment, the —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl has three saturated cyclic alkyl rings. Representative —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkyls include -pyrenyl, -adamantyl, -noradamantyl, -1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracenyl, -1,2,3,4,4a,9,9a,10-octahydroanthracenyl, -perhydroanthracenyl, -aceanthrenyl, -1,2,3,4-tetrahydropenanthrenyl, -5,6,7,8-tetrahydrophenanthrenyl, -1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrenyl, -perhydrophenanthrenyl, -tetradecahydro-1H-cyclohepta[a]naphthyl, -tetradecahydro-1H-cycloocta[e]indenyl, -tetradecahydro-1H-cyclohepta[e]azulenyl, -hexadecahydrocycloocta[b]naphthyl, -hexadecahydrocyclohepta[a]heptalenyl, -tricyclo-pentadecanyl, -tricyclo-octadecanyl, -tricyclo-nonadecanyl, -tricyclo-icosanyl, -2,3-benzobicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, -6,7-b enzobicyclo[3.2.1]octanyl, -9,10-benzobicyclo[3.3.2]decanyl, -2,3,4,4a,9,9a-hexahydro-1H-fluorenyl, -1,2,3,4,4a,8b-hexahydrobiphenylenyl, and the like.

“—(C₅-C₁₄)cycloalkenyl” means a cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic system and 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 carbon atoms. Representative (C₅-C₁₄)cycloalkenyls include -cyclopentenyl, -cyclopentadienyl, -cyclohexenyl, -cyclohexadienyl, -cycloheptenyl, -cycloheptadienyl, -cycloheptatrienyl, -cyclooctenyl, -cyclooctadienyl, -cyclooctatrienyl, -cyclooctatetraenyl, -cyclononenyl, -cyclononadienyl, -cyclononatrienyl, -cyclodecenyl, -cyclodecadienyl, -cyclotetradecenyl, -cyclododecadienyl, and the like.

“—(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl” means a cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic system and 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 carbon atoms. Representative (C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyls include -cyclopentenyl, -cyclopentadienyl, -cyclohexenyl, -cyclohexadienyl, -cycloheptenyl, -cycloheptadienyl, -cycloheptatrienyl, -cyclooctenyl, -cyclooctadienyl, -cyclooctatrienyl, -cyclooctatetraenyl, -cyclononenyl, -cyclononadienyl, -cyclononatrienyl, -cyclodecenyl, -cyclodecadienyl, -cyclotetradecenyl, -cyclododecadienyl, and the like.

“—(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl” means a cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic system and 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms. Representative (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyls include -cyclopentenyl, -cyclopentadienyl, -cyclohexenyl, -cyclohexadienyl, -cycloheptenyl, -cycloheptadienyl, -cycloheptatrienyl, -cyclooctenyl, -cyclooctadienyl, -cyclooctatrienyl, -cyclooctatetraenyl, and the like.

“—(C₇-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl” means a bicyclic hydrocarbon ring system having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in each ring and 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 carbon atoms. Representative —(C₇-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyls include -bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-enyl, -indenyl, -pentalenyl, -naphthyl, -azulenyl, -heptalenyl, -1,2,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, -norbornenyl, and the like.

“—(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkenyl” means a tricyclic hydrocarbon ring system having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in each ring and 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbon atoms. Representative —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkenyls include -anthracenyl, -phenanthrenyl, -phenalenyl, -acenaphthyl, -as-indacenyl, -s-indacenyl, -2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11-octahydro-1H-cycloocta[e]indenyl, 2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11-octahydro-1H-cyclohepta[a]naphthyl, -8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-7H-cyclohepta[a]naphthyl, -2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13-dodecahydro-1H-cyclohepta[a]heptalenyl, -1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14-tetradecahydro-dicyclohepta[a,c]cyclooctenyl, -2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13-dodecahydro-1H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclononenyl, and the like.

“-(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle,” “-(3- to 7-membered)heterocyclyl,” or “-(3- to 7-membered)heterocyclo” means a 3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring, i.e., a monocyclic ring comprising at least one heteroatom, which is either saturated, unsaturated non-aromatic or aromatic. A 3-membered heterocycle contains 1 heteroatom, a 4-membered heterocycle can contain 1 or 2 heteroatoms, a 5-membered heterocycle can contain 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms, a 6-membered heterocycle can contain 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms, and a 7-membered heterocycle can contain 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 heteroatoms. Each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quaternized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone. The -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle can be attached via a nitrogen or carbon atom. Representative -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycles include pyridyl, furyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolidinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2,3-dihydrofuranyl, dihydropyranyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrazolyl, and the like.

“-(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle,” “-(5- or 6-membered)heterocyclyl,” or “-(5- or 6-membered)heterocyclo” means a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring, i.e., a monocyclic ring comprising at least one heteroatom, which is either saturated, unsaturated non-aromatic or aromatic. A 5-membered heterocycle can contain 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms and a 6-membered heterocycle can contain 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms. Each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quaternized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone. The -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycle can be attached via a nitrogen or carbon atom. Representative -(5- or 6-membered)heterocycles include pyridyl, furyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolidinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2,3-dihydrofuranyl, dihydropyranyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrazolyl, and the like.

“-(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle,” “-(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocyclyl,” or “-(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocyclo” means a 7- to 10-membered bicyclic, heterocyclic ring, each ring of which is independently either saturated, unsaturated non-aromatic or aromatic, i.e., where at least one ring comprises at least one heteroatom. A -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle contains 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quaternized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone. The -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle can be attached via a nitrogen or carbon atom. Representative -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycles include -quinolinyl, -isoquinolinyl, -2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, -1,3-dihydroisobenzofuranyl, -benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl, -2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophenyl, -1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]thiophenyl, -benzo[d][1,3]dithiolyl, -chromonyl, -chromanyl, -2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxinyl, -thiochromonyl, -thiochromanyl, -2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dithiinyl, -coumarinyl, -indolyl, -indolizinyl, -benzo[b]furanyl, -benzo[b]thiophenyl, -indazolyl, -purinyl, -4H-quinolizinyl, -isoquinolyl, -quinolyl, -phthalazinyl, -naphthyridinyl, -indolinyl, -isoindolinyl, -1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, -1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.

“—(C₃-C₁₂)cycloalkoxy” means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms where at least one of the carbon atoms is replaced by an oxygen atom. Representative (C₃-C₁₂)cycloalkoxy are -oxiranyl, -oxetanyl, -tetrahydrofuranyl, -tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, -1,4-dioxanyl, -oxepanyl, -1,4-dioxepanyl, -oxocanyl, -1,5-dioxocanyl, -1,3,5-trioxocanyl, -oxonanyl, -1,5-dioxonanyl, -1,4,7-trioxonanyl, -oxacyclododecanyl, -1,7-dioxacyclododecanyl, and -1,5,9-trioxacyclododecanyl.

“—(C₃-C₇)cycloalkoxy” means a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 carbon atoms where at least one of the carbon atoms is replaced by an oxygen atom. Representative (C₃-C₇)cycloalkoxy are -oxiranyl, -oxetanyl, -tetrahydrofuranyl, -tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, -1,4-dioxanyl, -oxepanyl, and -1,4-dioxepanyl.

“—(C₁₄)aryl” means a 14-membered aromatic carbocyclic moiety such as -anthryl or -phenanthryl.

“-(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl” means an aromatic heterocycle ring of 5 to 10 members, including both mono- and bicyclic ring systems, i.e., a monocyclic aromatic ring comprising at least one heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur or a bicyclic aromatic ring where at least one ring comprises at least one heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In one embodiment, a monocyclic -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl comprises at least two heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In another embodiment, a bicyclic -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl comprises at least two heteroatoms, present in the same or in different rings, each heteroatom being independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In another embodiment, one of the -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl's rings contain at least one carbon atom. In another embodiment, both of the bicyclic -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl's rings contain at least one carbon atom. Representative -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryls include pyridyl, furyl, benzofuranyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolinyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiadiazolyl, triazinyl, thienyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.

“-(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl” means a monocyclic aromatic heterocycle ring of 5 or 6 members, i.e., a monocyclic aromatic ring comprising at least one heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In one embodiment, the -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl ring contains at least one carbon atom. Representative -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryls include pyridyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, and thiophenyl.

“—CH₂(halo)” means a methyl group where one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced with a halogen. Representative —CH₂(halo) groups include —CH₂F, —CH₂C1, —CH₂Br, and —CH₂I.

“—CH(halo)₂” means a methyl group where two of the hydrogens of the methyl group have each been independently replaced with a halogen. Representative —CH(halo)₂ groups include —CHF₂, —CHCl₂, —CHBr₂, —CHBrCl, —CHClI, and —CHI₂.

“—C(halo)₃” means a methyl group where each of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been independently replaced with a halogen. Representative —C(halo)₃ groups include —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CBr₃, —Cl₃, —CF₂Br, —CF₂Cl, —CCl₂F, and —CFClBr.

“-Halogen” or “-halo” means —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I.

“Oxo”, “═O”, and the like as used herein mean an oxygen atom doubly bonded to carbon or another element.

“Thiooxo”, “thioxo”, “═S”, and the like as used herein mean a sulfur atom doubly bonded to carbon or another element.

“(C₂-C₆)bridge” as used herein means a hydrocarbon chain containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms joining two atoms of the piperidine ring of Formula (I) to form a fused bicyclic ring system. For example, compounds of the disclosure can comprise a (C₂-C₆)bridge joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (A-B can together form a (C₂-C₆)bridge). Exemplary compounds of the disclosure include those with an unsubstituted (C₂)bridge, —CH₂—CH₂—, joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (A-B can together form a (C₂)bridge); an unsubstituted (C₃)bridge, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (A-B can together form a (C₃)bridge); an unsubstituted (C₄)bridge, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (A-B can together form a (C₄)bridge); an unsubstituted (C₅)bridge, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (A-B can together form a (C₅)bridge); or an unsubstituted (C₆)bridge, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, joining positions 2 and 6 of the piperidine ring (A-B can together form a (C₆)bridge). Examples of compounds where A-B can together form a (C₂-C₆)bridge include compounds comprising the following ring systems: 8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane; 9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane; 10-aza-bicyclo[4.3.1]decane; 11-aza-bicyclo[5.3.1]undecane; and 12-aza-bicyclo[6.3.1]dodecane. Examples of a (C₂-C₆)bridge which contains —HC═CH— within the (C₂-C₆)bridge include —HC═CH—, —CH₂—HC═CH—, —HC═CH—CH₂—, —CH₂—HC═CH—CH₂—, and the like. Examples of a (C₂-C₆)bridge which contains —O— within the (C₂-C₆)bridge include —CH₂—O—CH₂-(containing 2 carbon atoms), —CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂— and —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂— (each containing 3 carbon atoms), —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—O—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂— and —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₂— (each containing 4 carbon atoms), and the like.

The terms “benzo,” “benzo group,” and the like, when used in connection with the Q ring, mean

wherein R², and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds.

The terms “pyridyl,” pyridino,” “pyridino group,” and the like, when used in connection with the Q ring, mean

or

wherein R², and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. In the above pyridyl structures, the upper portion of the ring—e.g., the part including the pyridyl nitrogen atom in the first structure—is on the same side of the compound of Formula (I) as the nitrogen directly bonded to R³. Similar spatial relationships hold for the other Q ring embodiments described below.

The position of the pyridyl nitrogen in the Q ring may be expressed in relation to the nitrogen atom directly bonded to R³ using the numbering of atoms shown in the following illustrative structure:

wherein piperidine-Z—R¹-moiety of Formula I have been omitted. The above structure should in no way be construed as limiting the invention, but rather illustrative for the atom numbering only.

In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyridyl Q ring is

i.e., the pyridyl nitrogen in the Q ring is in a 1,3-relationship with the nitrogen directly bonded to R³.

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyridyl Q ring is

i.e., the pyridyl nitrogen in the Q ring is in a 1,4-relationship with the nitrogen directly bonded to R³.

The position of the pyridyl nitrogen in the Q ring may be expressed in relation to the nitrogen atom bonded to the piperidine ring that bears A, B, and Z as substituents using the numbering of atoms shown in the following illustrative structure:

wherein piperidine-Z—R¹-moiety of Formula I have been omitted. The above structure should in no way be construed as limiting the invention, but rather illustrative for the atom numbering only.

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyridyl Q ring is

i.e., wherein the pyridyl nitrogen in the Q ring is in a 1,4-relationship with the nitrogen atom bonded to the piperidine ring that bears A, B, and Z as substituents. In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyridyl Q ring is

i.e., wherein the pyridyl nitrogen in the Q ring is in a 1,3-relationship with the nitrogen atom bonded to the piperidine ring that bears A, B, and Z as substituents.

The terms “pyrimidyl,” “pyrimidino,” “pyrimidino group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

or

wherein R² and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine

Compounds. In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrimidino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrimidino Q ring is

The terms “pyrazinyl,” “pyrazino,” “pyrazino group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

wherein R² and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds.

The terms “pyridazinyl,” “pyridazino,” “pyridazino group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

or

wherein R² and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyridazino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyridazino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyridazino Q ring is

The terms “pyrrolidinyl,” “pyrrolino,” “pyrrolino group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

or

wherein R² and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrrolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrrolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrrolino Q ring is

The terms “imidazolyl,” “imidazolino,” “imidazolino group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

or

wherein R² and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted imidazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted imidazolino Q ring is

The terms “pyrazolyl,” “pyrazolino,” “pyrazolino group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

or

wherein R₂ and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted pyrazolino Q ring is

The terms “triazolyl,” “triazolino,” “triazolino group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

or

wherein R² and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted triazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted triazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted triazolino Q ring is

The terms “furyl,” “furano,” “furano group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

or

wherein R² and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted furano Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted furano Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted furano Q ring is

The terms “oxazolyl,” “oxazolino,” “oxazolino group” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

or

wherein R² and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted oxazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted oxazolino Q ring is

The terms “isoxazolyl,” “isoxazolino,” “isoxazolino group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

or

wherein R² and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted isoxazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted isoxazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted isoxazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted isoxazolino Q ring is

The terms “oxadiazolyl,” “oxadiazolino,” “oxadiazolino group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

or

wherein a is 0 and therefore R² is absent. In one embodiment, the oxadiazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the oxadiazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the oxadiazolino Q ring is

The terms “thienyl,” “thiopheno,” “thiopheno group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

or

wherein R² and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiopheno Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiopheno Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiopheno Q ring is

The terms “thiazolyl,” “thiazolino,” “thiazolino group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

or

wherein R² and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiazolino Q ring is

The terms “isothiazolyl,” “isothiazolino,” “isothiazolino group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, mean

or

wherein R² and a are defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted isothiazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted isothiazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted isothiazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted isothiazolino Q ring is

The terms “thiadiazolyl,” “thiadiazolino,” “thiadiazolino group,” and the like, when used in connection with the optionally-substituted Q ring, means

or

wherein a is 0 and therefore R² is absent. In one embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiadiazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiadiazolino Q ring is

In another embodiment, the optionally-substituted thiadiazolino Q ring is

In one embodiment, the term “optionally substituted bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl” and the like when used in connection with the optionally-substituted R¹ group is understood to refer to one of the structures below:

or

wherein R^(z) is as defined above for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds; and where in one or more embodiments, the optionally substituted R¹ group comprises one or more of the above-recited optionally substituted bicycle[3.3.1]nonyl structures.

In one embodiment, the term “optionally substituted —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl” means

wherein

denotes a double bond or a single bond at that position. When

denotes a double bond, then the group above is understood to appear as follows

and when

denotes a single bond, then the optionally substituted —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl group above is understood to appear as follows

The term “tetrazolyl” and “tetrazolyl group” mean

or

In one embodiment, the tetrazolyl group is

In another embodiment, the tetrazolyl group is

The term “oxime” in “Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds” is a general reference to the compounds' inclusion of the oxime group:

such as

In the above oxime structures, it will be understood that the double bond geometry of the carbon-nitrogen double bond is arbitrarily drawn and that the structure includes both E and Z-isomers of the carbon-nitrogen double bond. However, in some embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds include oxime groups with all E- or primarily all E-geometry at the carbon-nitrogen double bond, for example, when R²⁰ is —H. In other embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds include oxime groups with all Z— or primarily all Z-geometry at the carbon-nitrogen double bond. In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed compounds include a mixture of oxime groups with E- and Z-geometry at the carbon-nitrogen double bond, for example, an equal or substantially equal mixture of compounds with E- and Z-geometry at the carbon-nitrogen double bond. In further embodiments, the carbon-nitrogen double bond of the oxime interconverts between E- and Z-geometries under ambient conditions and/or on standing, and in some such embodiments the geometry of the carbon-nitrogen double bond of the oxime is ambiguous. Unless expressly designated by the descriptor E or Z, it will be understood that Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds and other compounds disclosed herein may include either the E- or Z-isomer or a mixture of both, regardless of the particular geometry depicted in the chemical structure.

When a first group is “substituted with one or more” second groups, one or more hydrogen atoms of the first group is replaced with a corresponding number of second groups. When the number of second groups is two or greater, each second group can be the same or different. In one embodiment, a first group is substituted with up to three second groups. In another embodiment, a first group is substituted with one or two second groups. In another embodiment, a first group is substituted with two second groups. In another embodiment, a first group is substituted with two second groups and each second group is identical. In another embodiment, a first group is substituted with only one second group.

The term “animal” includes, but is not limited to, a human or a non-human animal, such as a companion animal or livestock, e.g., a cow, monkey, baboon, chimpanzee, horse, sheep, pig, chicken, turkey, quail, cat, dog, mouse, rat, rabbit or guinea pig.

In one embodiment, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, racemic mixture, or tautomer thereof.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt”, as used herein, is any pharmaceutically acceptable salt that can be prepared from an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound including a salt formed from an acid and a basic functional group, such as a nitrogen group, of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, i.e., an “acid addition salt.” Illustrative salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucoronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)) salts. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” also includes a salt prepared from an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound having an acidic functional group, such as a carboxylic acid functional group, and a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base, i.e., a “base addition salt.” Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, cesium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia and organic amines, such as unsubstituted or hydroxy-substituted mono-, di-, or trialkylamines; dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; picoline; N-methyl-N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxy-(C₁-C₃)alkyl amines), such as mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, 2-hydroxy-tert-butylamine, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, N,N-di-[(C₁-C₃)alkyl]-Nydroxy-(C₁-C₃)alkyl)-amines, such as N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, or tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine; N-methyl-D-glucamine; and amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride-salt, a sulfate-salt, a sodium-salt, a potassium-salt, a benzene sulfonic acid-salt, a para-toluenesulfonic acid-salt, or a fumaric acid-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride-salt or a sulfate-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a sulfate-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a sodium-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a potassium-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is apara-toluenesulfonic acid-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a fumaric acid-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable fumaric acid-salt contains about one equivalent of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and about 0.5 equivalents of fumaric acid, e.g., from about 0.3 to about 0.7 equivalents of fumaric acid in one embodiment, from about 0.4 to about 0.6 equivalents of fumaric acid in another embodiment, from about 0.44 to about 0.56 equivalents of fumaric acid in another embodiment, or from about 0.47 to about 0.53 equivalents of fumaric acid in another embodiment. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable fumaric acid-salt contains one equivalent of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and 0.5 equivalents of fumaric acid. One skilled in the art will recognize that, e.g., acid addition salts, of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be prepared by reaction of the compounds with the appropriate acid by a variety of known methods.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes two or more salt groups, such as two halide salt groups, and/or a combination of salt types, such as a chloride salt group and a bromide salt group. For example, in some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes both a base addition salt group and an acid addition salt group. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a zwitterion.

In certain embodiments, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is in the form of an anhydrate. The term “anhydrate” as used herein, is any crystalline form of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound in which water molecules are a non-integral part of the crystal. An anhydrate of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be prepared, for example, by crystallization from a solvent substantially free of water. In one embodiment, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is present as an anhydrate, i.e., as a free base where the crystal lattice is substantially free of water molecules and any water molecules present are present as “surface water” (e.g., loosely bound to the crystal's surface) as would be discernable and distinguishable to those in the art by, e.g., thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and/or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), from water molecules that are an integral part of the crystal (e.g., a hydrate). An anhydrate of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has less than about 0.2 mole water in one embodiment, less than about 0.15 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.12 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.1 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.085 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.075 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.06 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.057 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.05 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.03 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.025 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.02 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.01 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.005 mole water in another embodiment, and less than about 0.001 mole water in another embodiment, each said embodiment taking into account the presence of surface water and each said embodiment being per 1 mole of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

In some embodiments, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound includes all solvates thereof “Solvates” are known in the art and are considered in view of this disclosure to be a combination, physical association and/or solvation of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound with a solvent molecule. This physical association can involve varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. When the solvate is of the stoichiometric type, there is a fixed ratio of the solvent molecule to Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, e.g., a disolvate, monosolvate or hemisolvate when the solvent molecule: Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound molecule molar ratio is 2:1, 1:1 or 1:2, respectively. In other embodiments, the solvate is of the nonstoichiometric type. For example, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound crystal can contain solvent molecules in the structural voids, e.g., channels, of the crystal lattice. In certain instances, the solvate can be isolated, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated into the crystal lattice of a crystalline solid. Thus, “solvate”, as used herein, encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be present as a solvated form with a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, such as water, methanol, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the present disclosure include both solvated and unsolvated Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound forms. As “hydrate” relates to a particular subgroup of solvates, i.e., where the solvent molecule is water, hydrates are included within the solvates of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is present as a monohydrate, i.e., as a free base where the water:Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound molar ratio is about 1:1, e.g., from 0.91:1 to 1.09:1 in one embodiment, from 0.94:1 to 1.06:1 in another embodiment, from 0.97:1 to 1.03:1 in another embodiment, and from 0.985:1 to 1.015:1 in another embodiment, each said embodiment taking no account of surface water that might be present, if any.

Preparation of solvates is known in the art. For example, Caira et al., “Preparation and Crystal Characterization of a Polymorph, a Monohydrate, and an Ethyl Acetate Solvate of the Antifungal Fluconazole,” J. Pharmaceut. Sci., 93(3):601-611 (2004), describes the preparation of solvates of fluconazole with ethyl acetate and with water. Similar preparations of solvates, hemisolvate, hydrates, and the like are described by Van Tonder et al., “Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of 5 Niclosamide Solvates and 1 Hemisolvate,” AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech., 5(1):Article 12 (2004), and Bingham et al., “Over one hundred solvates of sulfathiazole,” Chem. Comm., pp. 603-604 (2001). In one embodiment, a non-limiting, process involves dissolving the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound in a desired amount of the desired solvent (organic, water or mixtures thereof) at temperatures above about 20° C. to about 25° C., cooling the solution at a rate sufficient to form crystals, and isolating the crystals by known methods, e.g., filtration. Analytical techniques, for example, infrared spectroscopy, can be used to show the presence of the solvent in a crystal of the solvate.

In addition, one or more hydrogen, carbon or other atoms of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be replaced by a radioactive isotope of the hydrogen, carbon or other atoms. Such a “radiolabeled”, “radiolabeled form”, and the like of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, each of which is encompassed by the present disclosure, is useful as a research and/or diagnostic tool in metabolism pharmacokinetic studies and in binding assays. “Radioactive”, as used herein with respect to an atom, means an atom that comprises a radioactive atom and therefore the specific radioactivity thereof is above the background level of radioactivity. Examples of radioactive isotopes that can be incorporated into an Oxime-Substituted

Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ¹⁹F, ³⁶Cl, ³⁷Cl, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ⁸¹Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, and ¹³¹I, respectively. In one embodiment, a radiolabeled Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1, 2, 3, 4, or more radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 or 2 radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 radioactive isotope which is selected from hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1, 2, 3, 4, or more radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ¹⁹F, ³⁶Cl, ³⁷Cl, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ⁸¹Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, and ¹³¹I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 or 2 radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ¹⁹F, ³⁶Cl, ³⁷Cl, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ⁸¹Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, and ¹³¹I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 radioactive isotope which is selected from ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ¹⁹F, ³⁶Cl, ³⁷Cl, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ⁸¹Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, and ¹³¹I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1, 2, 3, 4, or more radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ³²P, and ¹²⁵I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 or 2 radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from ³H, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ³²P, and ¹²⁵I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains 1 radioactive isotope which is selected from ³H, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ³²P, and ¹²⁵I.

Radiolabeled compounds of the present disclosure can be prepared by methods known in the art. For example, tritiated Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be prepared by introducing tritium into the particular Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, for example, by catalytic dehalogenation with tritium. This method can include reacting a suitably halogen-substituted precursor of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound with tritium gas in the presence of a suitable catalyst, for example, Pd/C, in the presence or absence of a base. Other suitable methods for preparing tritiated compounds can be found in Filer, “The Preparation and Characterization of Tritiated Neurochemicals,” Isotopes in the Physical and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 1, Labeled Compounds (Part A), E. Buncel et al, eds., Chapter 6, pp. 155-192 (1987). ¹⁴C-labeled compounds can be prepared by employing starting materials having a ¹⁴C carbon. Compounds containing piperazine isotopcially enriched with ¹³C and/or ¹⁵N can be prepared as described in, e.g., FIG. 5A and the associated description, of U.S. Pat. No. 7,355,045 B2. Radiolabeled compounds containing ¹⁸F at the 6-position of an aniline ring can be prepared as described in column 27 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,562,319 B2.

An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can contain one or more asymmetric centers and can thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms. Unless specifically otherwise indicated, the present disclosure encompasses compounds with all such possible forms as well as their racemic and resolved forms or any mixture thereof. When an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound contains an olefinic double bond or other center of geometric asymmetry, and unless specifically otherwise indicated, it is intended to include all “geometric isomers”, e.g., both E and Z geometric isomers. Unless specifically otherwise indicated, all “tautomers”, e.g., lactam-lactim, urea-isourea, ketone-enol, amide-imidic acid, enamine-imine, amine-imine, and enamine-enimine tautomers, are intended to be encompassed by the present disclosure as well.

As used herein, the terms “stereoisomer”, “stereoisomeric form”, and the like are general terms for all isomers of individual molecules that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. It includes enantiomers and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (“diastereomers”).

The terms “stereogenic center,” “asymmetric center,” and “chiral center” refer to a carbon atom to which four different groups are attached.

The term “enantiomer” or “enantiomeric” refers to a molecule that is nonsuperimposeable on its mirror image and hence optically active where the enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light in one direction and its mirror image rotates the plane of polarized light in the opposite direction.

The term “racemic” refers to a mixture of equal parts of enantiomers which is optically inactive.

The term “resolution” refers to the separation or concentration or depletion of one of the two enantiomeric forms of a molecule. Optical isomers of a Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be obtained by known techniques such as chiral chromatography or formation of diastereomeric salts from an optically active acid or base.

Optical purity can be stated in terms of enantiomeric excess (% ee). Diastereomeric purity can be stated in terms of diastereomeric excess (% de). Enantiomeric excess and diastereomeric excess are determined by the appropriate formula below:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {ee}} = {\left\lbrack \frac{{{major}\mspace{14mu} {{enantiomer}({mol})}} - {{minor}\mspace{14mu} {{enantiomer}({mol})}}}{{{major}\mspace{14mu} {{enantiomer}({mol})}} + {{minor}\mspace{14mu} {{enantiomer}({mol})}}} \right\rbrack \times 100\%}$ ${\% \mspace{14mu} {de}} = {\left\lbrack \frac{{{major}\mspace{14mu} {{diastereomer}({mol})}} - {{minor}\mspace{14mu} {{diastereomers}({mol})}}}{{{major}\mspace{14mu} {{diastereomer}({mol})}} + {{minor}\mspace{14mu} {{diastereomers}({mol})}}} \right\rbrack \times 100{\%.}}$

The term “MeOH” means methanol, i.e., methyl alcohol. The term “EtOH” means ethanol, i.e., ethyl alcohol. The term “Et₂O” means diethyl ether, i.e., ethoxyethane. The term “THF” means tetrahydrofuran. The term “DMF” means N,N-dimethylformamide. The term “DCM” means methylene chloride, i.e., dichloromethane or CH₂Cl₂. The term “DCE” means 1,2-dichloroethane. The term “EtOAc” means ethyl acetate. The term “MeCN” means acetonitrile. The term “DMSO” means dimethylsulfoxide, i.e., methylsulfinylmethane. The term “NMP” means N-methylpyrrolidinone, i.e., 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one. The term “DMA” means N,N-dimethylacetamide. The term “MTBE” means tert-butyl methyl ether, i.e., 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane. The term “AcOH” means acetic acid. The term “TFA” means 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid. The term “TEA” means triethylamine. The term “DIEA” or “DIPEA” means N,N-di-iso-propylethylamine or N-ethyl-N-iso-propylpropan-2-amine. The term “TMSBr” means trimethylsilyl bromide, i.e., bromotrimethylsilane. The term “TMSCl” means trimethylsilyl chloride or (CH₃)₃SiCl.

The term “Bn” means benzyl, i.e.:

The term “BOC” means tert-butyloxycarbonyl, i.e.:

The term “mesylate” means:

The term “tosylate” means:

The term “IBD” means inflammatory-bowel disease. The term “IBS” means irritable-bowel syndrome. The term “ALS” means amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The term “effective amount”, when used in connection with an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, means an amount effective for: (a) treating or preventing a Condition or symptom thereof; (b) detectably inhibiting ORL-1 receptor function in a cell; or (c) detectably activating ORL-1 receptor function in a cell.

The term “effective amount”, when used in connection with a second therapeutic agent means an amount for providing the therapeutic effect of the second therapeutic agent.

The terms “modulate,” “modulating,” and the like as used herein with respect to the ORL-1 receptor mean the mediation of a pharmacodynamic response (e.g., analgesia) in an animal from (i) inhibiting the receptor, (ii) activating the receptor, or (iii) directly or indirectly affecting the normal regulation of the receptor activity. Compounds that modulate the receptor activity include agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, mixed agonists/antagonists, mixed partial agonists/antagonists and compounds which directly or indirectly affect regulation of the receptor activity.

As used herein, a compound that binds to a receptor and mimics the regulatory effect(s) of an endogenous ligand is defined as an “agonist”. As used herein, a compound that binds to a receptor and is only partly effective as an agonist is defined as a “partial agonist”. As used herein, a compound that binds to a receptor but produces no regulatory effect, but rather blocks binding of another agent to the receptor is defined as an “antagonist”. (See Ross et al., “Pharmacodynamics: Mechanisms of Drug Action and the Relationship Between Drug Concentration and Effect,” in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics pp. 31-43 (Goodman et al., eds., 10^(th) Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York 2001)).

The terms “treatment of,” “treating,” and the like include the amelioration or cessation of a Condition or a symptom thereof. In one embodiment, treating includes inhibiting, for example, decreasing the overall frequency of episodes of a Condition or a symptom thereof.

The terms “prevention of,” “preventing,” and the like include the avoidance of the onset of a Condition or a symptom thereof.

A “disorder” includes, but is not limited to, the Conditions defined herein.

In the event of doubt as to the agreement of a depicted chemical structure and a chemical name, the depicted chemical structure governs.

It is appreciated that various features of the present disclosure which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment unless otherwise specifically herein excluded. Conversely, various features of the present disclosure which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, can also be provided separately and/or in any suitable subcombination unless otherwise specifically herein excluded.

4.5 Methods for Making the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds

The Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be made in view of the present disclosure, for example, including the following illustrative methods shown in the Schemes below, and in combination with conventional organic synthesis techniques. In the below Schemes, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, Q, Y¹, Z, A, B, a and any other variables are defined above; L is a leaving group, such as a halogen leaving group (for example, chloro, bromo, or iodo), a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, or the like; LA is a Lewis acid, such as a silicon-based Lewis acid (such as a trialkylsilyl-halide or triflate, for example, TMS-Cl), a transition metal Lewis acid (such as aluminum or titanium halides or alkoxides), or a boron-based Lewis acid (such as boron trifluroride diethyletherate); PG is a protecting group, such as those described in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,” 4^(th) Ed. by Greene and Wuts (New York: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006); and R′ and R″, independently, are carbon groups (such as —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, benzyl, etc.). For simplicity, in the following Schemes, the exemplary Q ring is benzo which is sometimes unsubstituted with R²; however, the Schemes are also applicable to substituted benzo and any of the (5- or 6-membered) heteroaryl Q rings, whether unsubstituted or optionally substituted.

4.5.1 Scheme A—Preparation of Intermediate Arylamine A8

In some embodiments, preparation of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds proceeds through use of intermediate arylamines of structure A8. In certain embodiments, preparation of A8 proceeds according to Scheme A:

As depicted in Scheme A, in some embodiments, amines of structure A1 are subject to two displacement reactions resulting in double alkylation of A1 to afford A2 (counter anion not pictured), for example, according to Lit 1a (Tortolani et al., “A Convenient Synthesis to N-Aryl-Substituted 4-Piperidones,” Org. Lett. 1:1261-1262 (1999)) and/or Lit 1b (International PCT Publication No. WO 2005/075459 of Euro-Celtique S.A.). Subsequently, in certain embodiments, A2 is treated with A3, an amine bearing the —Z—R¹ group, to afford substituted amine A4, for example, according to Lit 1a and/or Lit 1b. In other embodiments, A4 is prepared by displacement reaction between A1 and A5, an electrophile bearing the —Z—R¹ group, under basic conditions, for example, according to Lit 2 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,653 by Goehring et al.). In an alternate embodiment, amine A1 is subjected to reductive amination conditions with A6, an appropriate aldehyde or ketone bearing the —Z—R¹ group, to afford amine A4, for example, according to Lit 2.

Regardless of its preparation, in some embodiments, A4 can be subjected to reductive amination conditions with an optionally substituted 1,2-aryldiamine (or 1,2-heteroaryldiamine, when the Q ring is heteroaryl), such as 1,2-phenylenediamine (A7), followed by hydrogenation with hydrogen and the appropriate catalyst (such as a noble metal catalyst, such as a palladium catalyst) to afford intermediate arylamine A8, for example, according to Lit 1b. In other embodiments, A4 is subjected to reductive amination conditions with A7 to afford intermediate triamine A8, for example, according to Lit 2. Compounds of structure A1 and A7 are commercially available or can be synthesized by routine methods in the art.

In some embodiments, intermediate arylamine A8 is prepared diastereoselectively as the endo-isomer. In other embodiments, intermediate arylamine A8 is prepared diastereoselectively as the exo-isomer. In further embodiments, intermediate arylamine A8 is prepared as a roughly equal mixture of endo and exo-isomers. As discussed herein, endo and exo diastereomers can typically be separated by conventional methods, such as by column chromatography or recrystallization. In certain embodiments, endo and exo diastereomers are separated by iterative rounds of column chromatography or recrystallization or by column chromatography or recrystallization after subsequent reaction steps.

4.5.2 Scheme B—Alternate Preparation of Intermediate Arylamine A8

In some embodiments, preparation of intermediate arylamine A8 proceeds according to Scheme B:

As depicted in Scheme B, in some embodiments, compound A4 (prepared in Scheme A) can be subjected to reductive amination conditions with hydroxyl amine followed by hydrogenation with hydrogen and the appropriate catalyst (such as a noble metal catalyst, such as a palladium catalyst) to afford intermediate diamine B1, for example, according to Lit 1b. In other embodiments, A4 is subjected to reductive amination conditions with ammonia, for example, according to Lit 2 to afford intermediate diamine B1. In some embodiments, diamine B1 can then be coupled with a 1,2-disubstituted aryl compound (or 1,2-disubstituted heteroaryl compound, when the Q ring is heteroaryl) compound, where one substituent is a leaving group and the other is a nitro group, such as a 2-halo-1-nitro benzene B2 (for example, L is iodo, bromo, chloro, or fluoro—see U.S. Patent Application Publication 2010/0216726). B2 is optionally further substituted besides the leaving group and the nitro group. In certain embodiments, coupling of B1 and B2 affords coupling product B3. In some embodiments, the nitro group of B3 is then reduced using a catalyst such as Raney nickel in a suitable solvent such as ethanol under a hydrogen atmosphere, for example according to the methods outlined in Lit 3 (Rylander, “Hydrogenation of Nitro Compounds,” in Hydrogenation Methods pp. 104-116 (Academic Press, London, 1985), which provides a review of the methods available for the reduction of nitro groups) to provide intermediate arylamine A8. In other embodiments, the nitro group of B3 is reduced with Zn, Sn(II) chloride or Fe, or using sulfides or polysulfides by the Zinin Reduction, for example, according to Lit 4 (Zinin reduction procedures described in the reference Porter, “The Zinin Reduction of Nitroarenes,” Org. Reactions, 20:455-481 (1973)), to provide intermediate arylamine A8. Compounds of structure B2 are commercially available or can be synthesized by routine methods in the art.

4.5.3 Scheme C—Preparation of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds from Intermediate Arylamine A8 and C1

In some embodiments, preparation of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds proceeds through coupling of intermediate arylamines of structure A8 with dicarbonyl compounds of structure C1 according to Scheme C:

As depicted in Scheme C, in some embodiments, intermediate arylamines of structure A8 are reacted with C1, a dicarbonyl compound bearing a leaving group (such as a -halo or —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl group), for example, a keto-ester, under condensation conditions (such as at elevated temperatures and using an alcoholic solvent, such as ethanol) to afford condensation product C2. In certain embodiments, the carbon alpha to the quinoxaline ring system is oxidized to a carbonyl (such as with chromium trioxide at elevated temperature) to afford carbonyl compound C3. In some embodiments, C3 is then reacted with a substituted hydroxylamine or its equivalent bearing the R²¹ group under condensation conditions (sometimes elevated temperature) to afford C5, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. In other embodiments, C3 is first reacted with hydroxylamine or its equivalent under condensation conditions to afford oxime C6, which is also an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. In certain embodiments, C6 is coupled with C7, an electrophile bearing a leaving group (such as halo, such as iodo or bromo) and the R²¹ group, under displacement conditions (such as involving base, for example, potassium carbonate, and polar solvent, for example DMF), to afford C5. In certain embodiments, C6 and/or C5 are further modified to afford additional Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. For example, in some embodiments, C6 and/or C5 are esters, which are hydrolyzed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid compounds that are Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds.

4.5.4 Scheme D—Preparation of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds from Intermediate Arylamine A8 and D1

In some embodiments, preparation of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds proceeds through coupling of intermediate arylamines of structure A8 with carbonyl-enol or enolate compounds of structure D1 according to Scheme D:

As depicted in Scheme D, in some embodiments, intermediate arylamines of structure A8 are reacted with D1, which may be an enol (M is hydrogen) or an enolate (M is a metal cation, such as sodium or potassium), bearing a leaving group (such as a -halo or —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl group), under condensation conditions (such as at elevated temperatures) to afford condensation product C2. In some embodiments, D1 is a salt of a 1,4-diester-2-keto compound. In some embodiments, when D1 is an enolate, the enolate is prepared from the corresponding ketone. In certain embodiments, the carbon alpha to the quinoxaline ring system in C2 is oxidized by direct coupling with hydroxylamine or its equivalent (such as with excess sodium nitrite) to afford oxime C6, which is an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. As noted for Scheme C, in certain embodiments, C6 is coupled with C7, to afford C5, which is an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. In certain embodiments, C6 and/or C5 are further modified to afford additional Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. For example, in some embodiments, C6 and/or C5 are esters, which are hydrolyzed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid compounds that are Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds.

4.5.5 Scheme E—Preparation of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds from Intermediate Arylamine A8 and E4

In some embodiments, preparation of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds proceeds through coupling of intermediate arylamines of structure A8 with nucleophiles of structure E4 according to Scheme E:

As depicted in Scheme E, in some embodiments, intermediate arylamines of structure A8 are reacted with a tricarbonyl compound E1 bearing two leaving groups (such as a -halo or —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl group), which may be the same or different, for example, a 1,3-diester-2-keto compound (e.g., diethyl 2-oxomalonate), under condensation conditions at elevated temperatures with removal of water by azeotrope or molecular sieves) to afford condensation product E2. In certain embodiments, E2 is then reacted with N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine or its equivalent (such as N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride) under amide condensation conditions to afford Weinreb amide E3 (see, e.g., Singh, J. et al. “The Growing Synthetic Utility of Weinreb's Amide,” Journal fair praktische Chemie, 342: 340-347 (2000) and Mentzel, M. et al. “N-methoxy-N-methylamides (Weinreb amides) in modern organic synthesis,” Journal fair Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung, 339: 517-524 (1997)). In some embodiments, Weinreb amide E3 is then reacted with a carbon nucleophile E4 bearing the R²⁰ group (for example, a Grignard reagent, organolithium reagent, organoaluminum reagent, or organocopper reagent) to afford addition product C3. As noted for Scheme C, in certain embodiments, C3 can be condensed with C4 to afford C5, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. In other embodiments, C3 is first condensed with hydroxylamine or its equivalent to afford C6 (not pictured) followed by coupling with C7 to generate C5. In certain embodiments, C6 and/or C5 are further modified to afford additional Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. For example, in some embodiments, C6 and/or C5 are esters, which are hydrolyzed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid compounds that are Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds.

4.5.6 Scheme F—Preparation of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds Via Late Stage Installation of the —Z—R¹ Group

In alternate embodiments, preparation of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds involves installation of the —Z—R¹ group at a later stage of the synthesis according to Scheme F:

As depicted in Scheme F, in some embodiments, amines with structure A1 are initially protected to afford amine-protected compounds F1. For example, in some embodiments, the amino group of F1 is protected by a benzyl group (which can be removed later by hydrogenation) or by a carbonyl group (which can be removed later by amide hydrolysis). In certain embodiments, amine-protected compound F1 undergoes reductive amination with A7, such as according to Scheme A, to afford arylamine F2. In other embodiments, amine-protected compound F1 undergoes reductive amination, such as according to Scheme B, to afford mono-protected diamine F3 In some embodiments, F3 then is first coupled with B2 and the nitro group of the resulting product reduced, such as according to Scheme B, to yield F2. In certain embodiments, F2 is then processed through several steps analogously to A8 in Schemes C, D, or E to afford amine-protected oxime compound F4. In some embodiments, F4 is then deprotected, followed by coupling with F5, a reagent bearing the —Z—R¹ group, for example, under conditions similar to those noted above for preparing A4 (e.g., Lit 1a, 1b, and 2), to afford coupling product C5, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

4.5.7 Scheme G—Alternate Method for Preparing Mono-Protected Diamine F3

In alternate embodiments, preparation of mono-protected diamines of structure D2 proceeds according to Scheme G:

As depicted in Scheme G, in some embodiments, amines of structure G1 are protected to yield protected amines G2 (not pictured) followed by hydrolysis of the ester of G2 by a hydroxide source (such as aqueous sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, etc.) to afford the free acid compounds G3. In certain embodiments, the free acid compounds G3 are then treated with diphenyl phosphorazidate (or an equivalent reagent) and benzyl alcohol under Curtius rearrangement conditions to afford carbamates with structure G4. In some embodiments, subsequent hydrogenation of G4 with hydrogen and a suitable catalyst affords mono-protected diamines of structure F3, which can then be processed as described herein, such as in Scheme F, to prepare Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. Compounds of structure G1 (wherein R is H, a carbon group, such as —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, benzyl, etc.) are commercially available or can be made by routine methods in the art.

4.5.8 Scheme H—Methods for Diastereoselectively Preparing Intermediates in the Diastereoselective Synthesis of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds

In some embodiments, Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds are prepared diastereoselectively, i.e., yielding products with an excess of one or more diastereomers, such as endo or exo diastereomers of the piperidine ring. In certain embodiments, diastereoselective preparation of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds proceeds from diastereoselective preparation of intermediates, such as according to Scheme H:

As depicted in Scheme H, in some embodiments, amines of structure A4 or amine-protected compounds of structure F1 (both prepared as described herein) can be subject to reductive amination according to Lit 5a (U.S. Patent Application Publication 2010/0216726) (e.g., by conversion to an oxime using aqueous hydroxylamine in an acidic solvent, such as acetic acid, followed by reduction by hydrogenation using a noble metal catalyst, such as platinum oxide, in a solvent, such as acetic acid) to afford the endo diastereomers of B1 or F3, respectively.

Alternatively, in some embodiments, amines of structure A4 or amine-protected compounds of structure F1 can be subject to reductive amination according to Lit 5b (Berdini et al., “A Modified Palladium Catalyzed Reductive Amination Procedure,” Tetrahedron, 58:5669-5674 (2002)) (e.g., by treatment with ammonium formate and a noble metal catalyst, such as, palladium on carbon, in a solvent, such as ethanol or methanol) to afford the endo diastereomers of B1 or F3, respectively.

In other embodiments, amines of structure A4 or amine-protected compounds of structure F1 can be converted to the exo diastereomers of B1 or F3, respectively, according to the procedures of Lit 6 (Lewin et al., “Molecular Features Associated with Polyamine Modulation of NMDA Receptors,” J. Med. Chem. 41:988-995 (1998)) (e.g., by reaction with aqueous hydroxylamine in a solvent, such as hexanes, to form an intermediate hydroxylamine, which can be converted to its oxime by dehydration in a solvent with a high boiling point, such as toluene, under Dean-stark conditions, followed by reduction of the oxime intermediate using a reductive metal, such as, sodium in propanol).

In these embodiments, the methods may produce, depending on the starting compound and the reagents selected, endo-B1, endo-F3, exo-B1, or exo-F3 with a percent diastereomeric excess (% de) of at least about 90%. In another embodiment, the endo-B1, endo-F3, exo-B1, or exo-F3 produced has a % de of at least about 95%. In another embodiment, the endo-B1, endo-F3, exo-B1, or exo-F3 produced has a % de of at least about 97%. In another embodiment, the endo-B1, endo-F3, exo-B1, or exo-F3 produced has a % de of at least about 98%. In another embodiment, the endo-B1, endo-F3, exo-B1, or exo-F3 produced has a % de of at least about 99%. In another embodiment, the endo-B1, endo-F3, exo-B1, or exo-F3 produced has a % de of greater than 99% (e.g., 99.1% to 99.9% or higher). In some embodiments, the above endo and exo diastereomers will have different spatial shapes and/or polarities and may be separable by chromatographic methods. As a result, if a given reaction produced a mixture of endo and exo diastereomers, in certain embodiments, routine chromatographic methods can be used to isolate either diastereomer or to prepare a diastereomeric mixture further enriched in a particular diastereomer. This mixture can then be iteratively purified to afford product mixtures increasingly enriched in a particular diastereomer.

In certain embodiments, endo-B1 or endo-F3 prepared according to Scheme H can be further processed to afford compound endo-C5, according to the procedures outlined in Schemes B-F. Similarly, in some embodiments, the exo-B1 or exo-F3 prepared according to Scheme H can be further processed to afford compound exo-C5, according to the procedures outlined in Schemes B-F. It is understood that the final C5 product, which are Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds, will typically inherit the diastereoisomerism of the precursor compounds B1 or F3, although subsequent enrichment in one of the diastereomers is possible based on purification steps following each reaction. As noted above, the above endo and exo diastereomers may be separated and isolated using routine chromatographic methods. If a diastereomeric mixture resulting from a reaction is not separable or only partially separable, the diastereomers may be separated after subsequent reactions that result in diastereomers that are more separable. As a result, diastereomers with the % de values noted above may be obtained.

In certain embodiments, PG of F1 is methyl and reduction according Lit 5a, 5b, or 6 according to Scheme H proceeds in high diastereoselectivity. In some embodiments, the methyl protecting group can be subsequently removed by treatment with a demethylating agent, such as 1-chloromethylchloroformate in a solvent such as 1,2-dichloroethane, followed by treatment with methanol as described in Lit 7a (Olofson et al., “A New Reagent for the Selective, High-Yield N-Dealkylation of Tertiary Amines. Improved Syntheses of Naltrexone and Nalbuphine,” J. Org. Chem., 49(11):2081-2082 (1984)) or 7b (Olofson et al., “Value of the Vinyloxycarbonyl Unit in Hydroxyl Protection: Application to the Synthesis of Nalorphin,” Tetrahedron Lett., 18:1571-1574 (1977)).

4.5.9 Scheme J—Preparation of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds Via Alternative Sequence for Protecting Group Removal and Installation of the —Z—R¹ Group

While, in some embodiments, as shown in Scheme F, removal of the protecting group installed on compound F1 can take place subsequent to installation of the oxime group, in certain embodiments, the protecting group is removed at a different point in the synthesis. For example, in some embodiments, the protecting group is removed following coupling with arylnitro compound B2, according to Scheme J:

As depicted in Scheme J, in some embodiments, mono-protected amines of structure F3 are coupled with arylnitro compound B2 to afford coupling product J1, for example, under similar conditions as for B3 in Scheme B. In certain embodiments, J1 is then deprotected, followed by coupling with F5, a reagent bearing the —Z—R¹ group, for example, under conditions similar to those noted above for preparing A4 (e.g., Lit 1a, 1b, and 2), to afford coupling product B3. In some embodiments, B3 is then processed according to Schemes B-D to afford C5, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

In certain embodiments, PG of F3 is methyl, and the methyl protecting group is removed by treatment with a demethylating agent, such as 1-chloromethylchloroformate in a solvent such as 1,2-dichloroethane, followed by treatment with methanol as described in Lit 7a or 7b.

4.5.10 Scheme K—Example Synthesis of Diastereomers of Intermediate E2

As described herein, preparation of the subject compounds and intermediates may proceed by diastereoselectively for the endo-isomer, for the exo-isomer, or may afford a roughly equal mixture of endo and exo-isomers. In some embodiments, mixtures of diastereomers are carried forward into subsequent reaction steps and further separated after each step, for example, as shown in Scheme K:

As depicted in Scheme K, compound K1,3-oxo-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-ene-8-carboxylic acid methyl ester, can be prepared according to the literature procedure described in Cramer et al., “Enantioselective Desymmetrization of Tropinone Derivatives by Hydroboration,” Synlett. 14:2175-2177 (2003). K1 includes a methyl ester group protecting group and is a compound with structure F1. In some embodiments, K1 is prepared by protecting the corresponding amine (a compound of structure A1) with the methyl ester group. In some embodiments, the double bond of K1 is reduced to afford K2, for example under hydrogenation conditions employing an appropriate catalyst (such as a noble metal catalyst, such as a palladium or platinum catalyst). In certain embodiments, K2 is coupled with 1,2-phenylenediamine analogous to A7 under reductive amination conditions using sodium triacetoxyborohydride in a solvent such as dichloromethane to provide the coupled products 3-(2-amino-phenylamino)-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-ene-8-carboxylic acid methyl esters endo-K3 and exo-K3 as a mixture, which is optionally separated. In some embodiments, endo-K3 and exo-K3, either individually or as a mixture, are dissolved in a solvent, such as toluene and acetic acid, and reacted with diethyl 2-oxomalonate, and the mixture heated under reflux to afford 4-(8-methoxycarbonyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-yl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid ethyl esters endo-K4 and exo-K4, which are optionally separated. In certain embodiments, the methyl ester protecting group of endo-K4 and/or exo-K4 is removed using iodo trimethylsilane in a solvent such as dichloromethane at a temperature of from about 25° C. to about 50° C. to provide 4-(8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid ethyl esters endo-K5 and/or exo-K5 (not pictured), which are optionally separated. In some embodiments, endo-K5 and exo-K5, either individually or as a mixture, are alkylated with various alkyl bromides or alkyl iodides, such as 3-bromo-cyclooctene, and a catalytic amount of potassium iodide and triethylamine in a solvent such as acetonitrile to provide isomers endo-K6 and exo-K6, which are optionally separated.

4.5.11 Scheme L—Method for Preparing Selected Bicyclic Intermediates Corresponding to the —Z—R¹ Group of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds

In certain embodiments, preparation of intermediates bearing the —Z—R¹ Group of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds proceeds according to Scheme L:

As depicted in Scheme L, commercially available 2-adamantanones L1, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected R^(z) groups, can undergo Baeyer-Villiger oxidation to afford a lactone (not pictured). Suitable conditions include, for example, use of trifluoroacetic acid as solvent and a peracid, such sodium percarbonate, at from about 20° C. to about 30° C. In some embodiments, the lactone is then hydrolyzed to the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acid L2, for example, by reaction with sodium hydroxide in a solvent, such as MeOH or water, under reflux. During hydrolysis, the stereochemistry of the carboxyl group may epimerize from endo, relative to the bridge bearing the hydroxyl group, to exo.

In certain embodiments, the hydroxyl group of L2 can be oxidized to give a ketone (not pictured), which may then be reacted with L3, a nucleophilic reagent bearing an independently selected R^(z) group, to afford addition product L4. In some embodiments, L4 may be dehydrated, for example, using an acid (such as methanesulfonic acid, tosic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, etc.) in a solvent (such as toluene) by azeotropic drying, to afford the olefin L5.

In some embodiments, the olefin of L5 can be reduced with hydrogen and a catalyst, such as a noble metal catalyst (for example, palladium on carbon in a mixed solvent system, such as MeOH and EtOAc) to provide the saturated acid L6. In certain embodiments, the face of the double bond in H5 that is hydrogenated is governed by sterics and may afford L6 with the R^(z) group of the double bond cis to the bridge bearing the carboxyl group (i.e., “up” in Scheme L). In other embodiments, the face of the double bond in L5 that is hydrogenated is directed by the carboxyl group (for example, by chelation of the catalyst), and may afford L6 with the R^(z) group of the double bond trans to the bridge bearing the carboxyl group (i.e., “down” in Scheme L). In some embodiments wherein an alcoholic solvent is used for the hydrogenation, reduction of L5 may afford a mixture of the saturated acid L6 and the corresponding alcoholic ester (for example, the methyl ester of L6 if MeOH is used as solvent). In certain of such embodiments, the ester in the mixture can be hydrolyzed to the acid L6 by treating the mixture with a hydroxide source (such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, etc) in aqueous systems.

In some embodiments, L6 can then be converted to an isocyanate (not pictured) using diphenyl phosphorazidate, i.e., diphenylphosphoryl azide or DPPA (or an equivalent reagent) and a base (such as triethylamine in a solvent, such as toluene) in a Curtius-type reaction. In certain embodiments, the isocyanate can then be hydrolyzed to exo-amine L7, for example, using sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, etc in aqueous THF or another aprotic water miscible solvent Amine L7 is one embodiment of A3 in Scheme A and which is used in preparing Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds according to the above Schemes.

In alternate embodiments, hydroxycarboxylic acid L2 is directly dehydrated, such as with acid, to give L5 wherein the R^(z) group in the middle of the bridge is —H. In some embodiments, L5 is then processed to L7 as described above.

4.5.12 Scheme M—Alternate Method for Preparing Selected Bicyclic Intermediates Corresponding to the —Z—R¹ Group of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds

In certain embodiments, preparation of intermediates bearing the —Z—R¹ Group of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds proceeds according to Scheme M:

As depicted in Scheme M, in some embodiments, commercially available 1,3-dihydroxyadamantanes M1, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected R^(z) groups, can be treated in the presence of a base with a reagent that converts a hydroxyl group into a leaving group to afford elimination product M2. Suitable conditions include, for example, exposure of M1 to p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine at a temperature of about 70° C. for from about 2 h to about 6 h. In certain embodiments, olefin M2 can subsequently be hydrogenated to saturated compound M3 using hydrogen and a catalyst, such as a noble metal catalyst (for example, palladium on carbon or platinum oxide in a non-polar solvent, such as cyclohexane). In certain embodiments, the face of the double bond in M2 that is hydrogenated is governed by sterics and may afford M3 with the resulting methyl group cis to the bridge bearing the carbonyl group (i.e., “up” in Scheme M). In other embodiments, the face of the double bond in M2 that is hydrogenated is directed by the carbonyl group (for example, by chelation of the catalyst), and may afford M3 with the resulting methyl group trans to the bridge bearing the carbonyl group (i.e., “down” in Scheme M). In some embodiments, M3 can be converted to the exo-amine M4 by conditions noted above in Lit 6 (for example, by formation of an oxime from M3 by reaction with hydroxylamine in acetic acid at a temperature from about 25° C. to about 40° C., followed by subsequent reduction with sodium metal in iso-propanol and in a solvent, such as toluene, at a temperature of about 100° C.) Amine M4 is one embodiment of the compound H₂N—Z—R¹ (A3) used in Scheme A in preparing Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds according to the above Schemes.

4.5.13 Scheme N—Preparation of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds from Intermediate Arylamine A8 Via a Cyano-Intermediate

In some embodiments, preparation of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds proceeds from intermediate arylamines of structure A8 via a cyano-intermediate according to Scheme N:

As depicted in Scheme N, in some embodiments, intermediate arylamines of structure A8 are reacted with a tricarbonyl compound E1 bearing two leaving groups (such as a -halo or —O—(C₁-C₆)alkyl group), which may be the same or different, for example, a 1,3-diester-2-keto compound (e.g., diethyl 2-oxomalonate), under condensation conditions at elevated temperatures with removal of water by azeotrope or molecular sieves) to afford condensation product E2 (not shown). In some instances, the remaining leaving group of E2 may be replaced by —OH, e.g., by hydrolysis if the leaving group is an alkoxy group), to afford free acid E2′ (i.e., E2, wherein L is —OH). In some embodiments, E2′ can be synthesized in a manner similar to the procedures described in WO2009/027820 (see, for example, Schemes F, I, N and O and Examples 12, 13, and 21) or WO2010/010458 (see, for example, Schemes F, I, O and P and Examples 1-5). In certain embodiments, E2′ is then reacted with a coupling agent, such as diethylcyanophosphate, and a cyanide source, such as sodium cyanide, to afford cyano-intermediate N1. In certain embodiments, N1 can be condensed with C4 to afford C5′ (i.e., C5, wherein R²⁰ is —NH₂), an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. In other embodiments, N1 is first condensed with hydroxylamine or its equivalent to afford C6′ (i.e., C6, wherein R²⁰ is —NH₂—not pictured), an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. In some embodiments, C6′ is then coupled with C7 to generate C5′, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. In certain embodiments, C6′ and/or C5′ are further modified to afford additional Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. For example, in some embodiments, C6′ and/or C5′ are esters, which are hydrolyzed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid compounds that are Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds.

4.5.14 Scheme O—Second Alternate Method for Preparing Selected Bicyclic Intermediates Corresponding to the —Z—R¹ Group of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds

In certain embodiments, preparation of intermediates bearing the —Z—R¹ Group of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds proceeds according to Scheme 0:

As depicted in Scheme O, in some embodiments, α,β-unsaturated ketone O1 is hydrogenated to saturated ketone O2 using hydrogen and a catalyst, such as a noble metal catalyst (for example, palladium on carbon or platinum oxide in a non-polar solvent, such as cyclohexane or toluene, or in a polar solvent, such as ethanol). In other embodiments, O2 is prepared from bromo-ketone O3 by the sequence of (1) protection of the carbonyl group, (2) debromination with n-butyl lithium or another alkyl lithium reagent capable of halogen-lithium exchange, followed by quenching with water, and (3) deprotection of the carbonyl group. Starting ketones O1, (R)-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-6-en-8-one, as well as O3, (1S,6S)-1-bromobicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-one, can be prepared by methods known to the art, e.g., as described in House et al., J. Org. Chem. 44:2819-2824 (1979) and House et al., J. Org. Chem. 45:1800-1806 (1980).

Saturated ketone O2 can then be converted to one or both of the corresponding exo or endo bicyclic amines exo-O4 and endo-O4 ((1R,6S)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-amine) through literature methods, such as reductive amination methods discussed in Scheme A (Lit 1b and 2), Scheme H (Lit 5a, 5b, and 6), and in Scheme M (Lit 6). In certain embodiments, exo-O4 or endo-O4 are prepared selectively, for example, in one or more of the diastereomeric ratios described in Scheme H for B1 and F3. In other embodiments, exo-O4 and endo-O4 are prepared as a mixture with substantial amounts of each, but are routinely separable because the two compounds are diastereomers with different physical properties. In specific embodiments, exo-O4 is prepared selectively using the procedure of Lit 6 in Scheme M (for example, by formation of an oxime from O2 by reaction with hydroxylamine in acetic acid at a temperature from about 25° C. to about 40° C., followed by subsequent reduction with sodium metal in iso-propanol and in a solvent, such as toluene, at a temperature of about 100° C.), which, as noted for Scheme M, preferentially results in preparation of the exo-amine Bicyclic amines exo-O4 and endo-O4 are embodiments of the compound H₂N—Z—R¹ (A3) used in Scheme A in preparing Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds according to the above Schemes.

Saturated ketone O2 can then be converted to one or both of the corresponding exo or endo bicyclic amines exo-O4 and endo-O4 ((1R,6S)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-amine) through literature methods, such as reductive amination methods discussed in Scheme A (Lit 1b and 2), Scheme H (Lit 5b and 6), and in Scheme M (Lit 6). In certain embodiments, exo-O4 or endo-O4 are prepared selectively. In other embodiments, exo-O4 and endo-O4 are prepared as a mixture, but are routinely separable because the two compounds are diastereomers with different physical properties. In specific embodiments, exo-O4 is prepared selectively using the procedure of Lit 6 in Scheme M (for example, by formation of an oxime from O2 by reaction with hydroxylamine in acetic acid at a temperature from about 25° C. to about 40° C., followed by subsequent reduction with sodium metal in iso-propanol and in a solvent, such as toluene, at a temperature of about 100° C.), which, as noted for Scheme M, preferentially results in preparation of the exo-amine Bicyclic amines exo-O4 and endo-O4 are embodiments of the compound H₂N—Z—R¹ (A3) used in Scheme A in preparing Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds according to the above Schemes.

4.6 Therapeutic Uses of the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds

In accordance with the disclosure, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds are administered to an animal in need of treatment or prevention of a Condition.

In one embodiment, an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be used to treat or prevent any condition treatable or preventable by inhibiting the activity of the ORL-1 receptor. Examples of Conditions that are treatable or preventable by inhibiting the activity of the ORL-1 receptor include, but are not limited to: pain (CNS effect), memory disorders, obesity, constipation, depression, dementia, Parkinsonism, a sleep disorder, a metabolic disorder, a renal disorder, and a cardiovascular disorder.

In another embodiment, an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be used to treat or prevent any condition treatable or preventable by activating the ORL-1 receptor. Examples of Conditions that are treatable or preventable by activating the ORL-1 receptor include, but are not limited to, pain (PNS effect), anxiety, cough, diarrhea, blood pressure disorder (via vasodilation and via diuresis), epilepsy, anorexia/cachexia, urinary incontinence, and drug abuse.

The Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent acute or chronic pain. Examples of pain that can be treated or prevented using an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound include, but are not limited to, cancer pain, neuropathic pain, labor pain, myocardial infarction pain, pancreatic pain, colic pain, post-operative pain, headache pain, muscle pain, arthritic pain, and pain associated with a periodontal disease, including gingivitis and periodontitis.

The Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can also be used to treat or prevent pain associated with inflammation or with an inflammatory disease in an animal. Such pain can arise where there is an inflammation of the body tissue, which can be a local inflammatory response or a systemic inflammation. For example, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be used to treat or prevent pain associated with inflammatory diseases including, but not limited to, organ transplant rejection; reoxygenation injury resulting from organ transplantation (see Grupp et al., “Protection against Hypoxia-reoxygenation in the Absence of Poly (ADP-ribose) Synthetase in Isolated Working Hearts,” J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 31:297-303 (1999)) including, but not limited to, transplantation of the heart, lung, liver, or kidney; chronic inflammatory diseases of the joints, including arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and bone diseases associated with increased bone resorption; inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ileitis, ulcerative colitis, Barrett's syndrome, and Crohn's disease; inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and chronic obstructive airway disease; inflammatory diseases of the eye, including corneal dystrophy, trachoma, onchocerciasis, uveitis, sympathetic ophthalmitis and endophthalmitis; chronic inflammatory disease of the gum, including gingivitis and periodontitis; tuberculosis; leprosy; inflammatory diseases of the kidney, including uremic complications, glomerulonephritis and nephrosis; inflammatory disease of the skin, including sclerodermatitis, psoriasis and eczema; inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, including chronic demyelinating diseases of the nervous system, multiple sclerosis, AIDS-related neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease, infectious meningitis, encephalomyelitis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and viral or autoimmune encephalitis; autoimmune diseases, including Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus; diabetic complications, including, but not limited to, diabetic cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy, nephropathy (such as microalbuminuria and progressive diabetic nephropathy), gangrene of the feet, atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease, peripheral arterial disease, nonketotic hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar coma, foot ulcers, joint problems, and a skin or mucous membrane complication (such as an infection, a shin spot, a candidal infection or necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum), immune-complex vasculitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); inflammatory disease of the heart, such as cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease hypercholesterolemia, and artherosclerosis; as well as various other diseases that can have significant inflammatory components, including preeclampsia, chronic liver failure, brain and spinal cord trauma, and cancer. An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can also be used to treat or prevent pain associated with inflammatory disease that can, for example, be a systemic inflammation of the body, exemplified by gram-positive or gram negative shock, hemorrhagic or anaphylactic shock, or shock induced by cancer chemotherapy in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., shock associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such shock can be induced, e.g., by a chemotherapeutic agent that is administered as a treatment for cancer.

The Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can also be used to treat or prevent pain associated with nerve injury (i.e., neuropathic pain). Chronic neuropathic pain is a heterogenous disease state with an unclear etiology. In chronic neuropathic pain, the pain can be mediated by multiple mechanisms. This type of pain generally arises from injury to the peripheral or central nervous tissue. The syndromes include pain associated with spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, post-herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, phantom pain, causalgia, and reflex sympathetic dystrophy and lower back pain. The chronic pain is different from acute pain in that chronic neuropathic pain patients suffer the abnormal pain sensations that can be described as spontaneous pain, continuous superficial burning and/or deep aching pain. The pain can be evoked by heat-, cold-, and mechano-hyperalgesia, or by heat-, cold-, or mechano-allodynia.

Chronic neuropathic pain can be caused by injury or infection of peripheral sensory nerves. It includes, but is not limited to, pain from peripheral nerve trauma, herpes virus infection, diabetes mellitus, causalgia, plexus avulsion, neuroma, limb amputation, and vasculitis. Neuropathic pain can also be caused by nerve damage from chronic alcoholism, human immunodeficiency virus infection, hypothyroidism, uremia, or vitamin deficiencies. Stroke (spinal or brain) and spinal cord injury can also induce neuropathic pain. Cancer-related neuropathic pain results from tumor growth compression of adjacent nerves, brain, or spinal cord. In addition, cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can cause nerve injury. Neuropathic pain includes but is not limited to pain caused by nerve injury such as, for example, the pain from which diabetics suffer.

The Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a migraine including, but not limited to, migraine without aura (“common migraine”), migraine with aura (“classic migraine”), migraine without headache, basilar migraine, familial hemiplegic migraine, migrainous infarction, and migraine with prolonged aura.

The Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a sleep disorder including, but not limited to, insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep deprivation, sleep apnea, dysomnia, delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS), advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS), non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome (e.g., circadian rhythm sleep disorder), situational circadian rhythm sleep disorders (e.g., jet lag, shift work sleep disorders), hypopnea, irregular sleep wake rhythm, nightmares, night terror, parasomnia, restless leg syndrome (RLS), nocturnal mycolonus/periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep disorder, somnambulism/sleep walking, somniloquy/sleep talking, and somniphobia. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,003,669 discloses a class of ORL-1 agonists said to be therapeutic agents for circadian rhythm sleep disorder and Miyakawa et al. disclose that administration of the ORL-1 receptor agonist known as W-212393 induces phase advance of locomotor activity circadian rhythm in mice (“ORL1 receptor-mediated down-regulation of mPER2 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus accelerates re-entrainment of the circadian clock following a shift in the environmental light/dark cycle,” Neuropharmacol. 52:1055-1064 (2007)).

Metabolic disorders can be caused by an abnormal metabolic process and can be acquired, e.g., failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver or disease of an endocrine organ, or congenital, e.g., an inherited enzyme abnormality. A congenital metabolic disorder can be caused by a defect in a single gene; some of the more well-known inborn metabolic errors include sickle cell anemia, hypothyroidism, Tay-Sachs disease, phenylketonuria, and cystic fibrosis. The Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a metabolic disorder including, but not limited to, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and obesity. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,241,770 discloses a class of hydronopol derivative ORL-1 agonists said to be therapeutic agents for metabolic disorders.

A renal disorder may be acute or chronic. An acute renal disorder can be caused by impaired blood flow to the kidneys due to, e.g., blood loss, heart attack, or liver failure; kidney damage due to, e.g., blood clots, hemolytic uremic syndrome, or vasculitis; or urine blockage due to, e.g., bladder cancer, an enlarged prostate, or kidney stones. A chronic renal disorder can be caused by, e.g., diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or polycystic kidney disease. The Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a renal disorder including, but not limited to, those renal disorders characterized by the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) or by imbalances of water retention and/or water excretion or salt excretion. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,869,960 discloses a class of spiropiperidine ORL-1 ligands said to be therapeutic agents for renal disorders.

Cardiovascular disorders represent the leading cause of death in the United States, responsible for about 27% of yearly deaths. Cardiovascular disorders can be caused by tobacco use, alcohol abuse, obesity, diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and other factors. The Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a cardiovascular disorder including, but not limited to, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, bradycardia, hypertension, hypotension, thrombosis, anemia, arteriosclerosis, and angina pectoris. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,241,770 discloses a class of hydronopol derivative ORL-1 agonists said to be therapeutic agents for cardiovascular disorders.

According to the disclosure, some of the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds are agonists at the ORL-1 receptor, some of the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds are partial agonists at the ORL-1 receptor, and some of the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds are antagonists at the ORL-1 receptor. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is an agonist at the ORL-1 receptor and an agonist at a μ, κ and/or δ opioid receptor, particularly at a μ opioid receptor. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is a partial agonist at the ORL-1 receptor and an agonist at a μ, κ and/or δ opioid receptor, particularly at a μ opioid receptor. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is an antagonist at the ORL-1 receptor and an agonist at a μ, κ and/or δ opioid receptor, particularly at a μ opioid receptor. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is an agonist at the ORL-1 receptor and an antagonist at a μ, κ and/or δ opioid receptor, particularly at a μ opioid receptor. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is a partial agonist at the ORL-1 receptor and an antagonist at a μ, κ and/or δ opioid receptor, particularly at a μ opioid receptor. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is an antagonist at the ORL-1 receptor and an antagonist at a μ, κ and/or δ opioid receptor, particularly at a μ opioid receptor.

The disclosure also provides methods for inhibiting ORL-1 receptor function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing the ORL-1 receptor with an amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound effective to inhibit ORL-1 receptor function in the cell. This method can be adapted for use in vitro as part of an assay to select compounds that can be useful for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal. Alternatively, this method can be adapted for use in vivo, (i.e., in an animal such as a human) by contacting a cell in the animal with an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. In one embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing pain in an animal in need of such treatment or prevention. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a memory disorder, obesity, constipation, depression, dementia, Parkinsonism, a sleep disorder, a metabolic disorder, a renal disorder, or a cardiovascular disorder in an animal in need of such treatment or prevention.

The disclosure also relates to methods for activating ORL-1 receptor function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing the ORL-1 receptor with an amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound effective to activate ORL-1 receptor function in the cell. This method can be adapted for use in vitro as part of an assay to select compounds useful for treating or preventing, pain, anxiety, cough, diarrhea, high blood pressure, epilepsy, anorexia/cachexia, urinary incontinence, or drug abuse. Alternatively, the method can be adapted for use in vivo (i.e., in an animal such as a human), by contacting a cell in the animal with an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. In one embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing pain in an animal in need of such treatment or prevention. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing anxiety, cough, diarrhea, high blood pressure, epilepsy, anorexia/chachexia, urinary incontinence, or drug abuse in an animal in need of such treatment or prevention.

Examples of tissue comprising cells capable of expressing the ORL-1 receptor include but are not limited to brain, spinal cord, vas deferens, and gastrointestinal tract tissue. Methods for assaying cells that express the ORL-1 receptor are known in the art; for example, see Shimohigashi et al., “Sensitivity of Opioid Receptor-like Receptor ORL1 for Chemical Modification on Nociceptin, a Naturally Occurring Nociceptive Peptide,” J. Biol. Chem. 271(39):23642-23645 (1996); Narita et al., “Identification of the G-protein Coupled ORL1 Receptor in the Mouse Spinal Cord by [³⁵S]-GTPγS Binding and Immunohistochemistry,” Brit. J. Pharmacol. 128:1300-1306 (1999); Milligan, “Principles:

Extending the Utility of [³⁵S]GTPγS Binding Assays,” TIPS 24(2):87-90 (2003); and Lazareno, “Measurement of Agonist-stimulated [³⁵S]GTPγS Binding to Cell Membranes,” Methods in Molecular Biology 106:231-245 (1999).

4.7 Therapeutic/Prophylactic Administration and Compositions of the Disclosure

Due to their activity, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds are advantageously useful in human and veterinary medicine. As described above, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds are useful for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal in need thereof. The Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds of the disclosure can be administered to any animal requiring modulation of the opioid and/or ORL-1 receptors.

When administered to an animal, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be administered as a component of a composition that comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The compositions, which comprise an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, can be administered orally. An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can also be administered by any other convenient route, for example, by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral, rectal, and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and can be administered together with a second therapeutically active agent. Administration can be systemic or local. Various delivery systems are known, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, multiparticulates, capsules, etc., and can be used to administer an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

Methods of administration include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, parenteral, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, oral, sublingual, intracerebral, intravaginal, transdermal (e.g., via a patch), rectal, by inhalation, transmucosal, or topical, particularly to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin. The method of administration is left to the discretion of the practitioner. In some instances, administration will result in the release of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound into the bloodstream. In other instances, administration will result in only local release of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound.

In specific embodiments, it can be desirable to administer an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound locally. This can be achieved, for example and not by way of limitation, by local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository or enema, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.

In certain embodiments, it can be desirable to introduce an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound into the central nervous system or gastrointestinal tract by any suitable route, including intraventricular, intrathecal, and epidural injection, and enema. Intraventricular injection can be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir.

Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and excipients such as triglycerides.

When an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is incorporated for parenteral administration by injection (e.g., continuous infusion or bolus injection), the formulation for parenteral administration can be in the form of a suspension, solution, emulsion in an oily or aqueous vehicle, and such formulations can further comprise pharmaceutically necessary additives such as one or more stabilizing agents, suspending agents, dispersing agents, and the like. An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can also be in the form of a powder for reconstitution as an injectable formulation.

In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, “New Methods of Drug Delivery,” Science 249:1527-1533 (1990); and Treat et al., “Liposome Encapsulated Doxorubicin Preliminary Results of Phase I and Phase II Trials,” pp. 317-327 and 353-365 in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer (1989)).

In yet another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be delivered in a controlled-release system or sustained-release system (see, e.g., Goodson, “Dental Applications,” in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Vol. 2, Applications and Evaluation, Langer and Wise, eds., CRC Press, Chapter 6, pp. 115-138 (1984), hereafter “Goodson”). Other controlled- or sustained-release systems discussed in the review by Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990) can be used. In one embodiment, a pump can be used (Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990); Sefton, “Implantable Pumps,” in CRC Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 14(3):201-240 (1987); Buchwald et al., “Long-term, Continuous Intravenous Heparin Administration by an Implantable Infusion Pump in Ambulatory Patients with Recurrent Venous Thrombosis,” Surgery 88:507-516 (1980); and Saudek et al., “A Preliminary Trial of the Programmable Implantable Medication System for Insulin Delivery,” New Engl. J. Med. 321:574-579 (1989)). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (see Goodson; Smolen et al., “Drug Product Design and Performance,” Controlled Drug Bioavailability Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1984); Langer et al., “Chemical and Physical Structure of Polymers as Carriers for Controlled Release of Bioactive Agents: A Review,” J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. C23(1):61-126 (1983); Levy et al., “Inhibition of Calcification of Bioprosthetic Heart Valves by Local Controlled-Release Diphosphonate,” Science 228:190-192 (1985); During et al., “Controlled Release of Dopamine from a Polymeric Brain Implant: In Vivo Characterization,” Ann. Neurol. 25:351-356 (1989); and Howard et al., “Intracerebral drug delivery in rats with lesion-induced memory deficits,” J. Neurosurg. 71:105-112 (1989)). In yet another embodiment, a controlled- or sustained-release system can be placed in proximity of a target of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, e.g., the spinal column, brain, or gastrointestinal tract, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose.

In certain embodiments, compositions of the disclosure further comprise a suitable amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient so as to provide the form for proper administration to the animal. Such a pharmaceutical excipient can be a diluent, suspending agent, solubilizer, binder, disintegrant, preservative, coloring agent, lubricant, and the like. The pharmaceutical excipient can be a liquid, such as water or an oil, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, and the like. The pharmaceutical excipient can be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea, and the like. In addition, auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating, and coloring agents can be used. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is sterile when administered to an animal. Water is a particularly useful excipient when an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid excipients, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients also include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol, and the like. The compositions, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. Specific examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients that can be used to formulate oral dosage forms are described in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, (Amer. Pharmaceutical Ass'n, Washington, D.C., 1986), incorporated herein by reference.

In certain embodiments, compositions of the disclosure take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, pills, pellets, capsules, capsules containing liquids, powders, sustained-release formulations, suppositories, emulsions, aerosols, sprays, suspensions, or any other form suitable for use. In one embodiment, the composition is in the form of a capsule (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,155). Other examples of suitable pharmaceutical excipients are described by Radebough et al., “Preformulation,” pp. 1447-1676 in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 2 (Gennaro, ed., 19^(th) Ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, Pa., 1995), incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds are formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a composition adapted for oral administration to human beings. An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound to be orally delivered can be in the form of tablets, capsules, gelcaps, caplets, lozenges, aqueous or oily solutions, suspensions, granules, powders, emulsions, syrups, or elixirs, for example. When an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is incorporated into oral tablets, such tablets can be compressed, tablet triturates, enteric-coated, sugar-coated, film-coated, multiply compressed or multiply layered. Techniques and compositions for making solid oral dosage forms are described in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets (Lieberman et al., eds., 2^(nd) Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1989 & 1990). Techniques and compositions for making tablets (compressed and molded), capsules (hard and soft gelatin) and pills are also described by King, “Tablets, Capsules, and Pills,” pp. 1553-1593 in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Osol, ed., 16^(th) Ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, Pa., 1980).

Liquid oral dosage forms include aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules, optionally containing one or more suitable solvents, preservatives, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, coloring agents, flavoring agents, and the like. Techniques and composition for making liquid oral dosage forms are described in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems (Lieberman et al., eds., 2^(nd) Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996 & 1998).

When an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is to be injected parenterally, it can be, e.g., in the form of an isotonic sterile solution. Alternatively, when an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is to be inhaled, it can be formulated into a dry aerosol or can be formulated into an aqueous or partially aqueous solution.

An orally administered Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can contain one or more agents, for example, sweetening agents such as fructose, aspartame or saccharin; flavoring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry; coloring agents; and preserving agents, to provide a pharmaceutically palatable preparation. Moreover, where in tablet or pill form, the compositions can be coated to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract thereby providing a sustained action over an extended period of time. Selectively permeable membranes surrounding an osmotically active driving compound are also suitable for orally administered compositions. In these latter platforms, fluid from the environment surrounding the capsule is imbibed by the driving compound, which swells to displace the agent or agent composition through an aperture. These delivery platforms can provide an essentially zero order delivery profile as opposed to the spiked profiles of immediate release formulations. A time-delay material such as glycerol monostearate or glycerol stearate can also be used. Oral compositions can include standard excipients such as mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, cellulose, and magnesium carbonate. In one embodiment, the excipients are of pharmaceutical grade.

In another embodiment, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds can be formulated for intravenous administration. In certain embodiments, compositions for intravenous administration comprise sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the compositions can also include a solubilizing agent. An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound for intravenous administration can optionally include a local anesthetic such as benzocaine or prilocaine to lessen pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed, for example, with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is administered by injection, an ampule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients can be mixed prior to administration.

An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be administered by controlled-release or sustained-release means or by delivery devices that are known to those in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770, 3,916,899, 3,536,809, 3,598,123, 4,008,719, 5,674,533, 5,059,595, 5,591,767, 5,120,548, 5,073,543, 5,639,476, 5,354,556, and 5,733,566, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such dosage forms can be used to provide controlled- or sustained-release of one or more active ingredients using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, ethylcellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, multiparticulates, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Suitable controlled- or sustained-release formulations known to those in the art, including those described herein, can be readily selected for use with the active ingredients of the disclosure. The disclosure thus encompasses single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets that are adapted for controlled- or sustained-release.

Controlled- or sustained-release pharmaceutical compositions can have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlled or non-sustained-release counterparts. In one embodiment, a controlled- or sustained-release composition comprises a minimal amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound to treat or prevent the Condition or a symptom thereof in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled- or sustained-release compositions include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased compliance. In addition, controlled- or sustained-release compositions can favorably affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, and can thus reduce the occurrence of adverse side effects.

Controlled- or sustained-release compositions can initially release an amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound that promptly produces the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect, and gradually and continually release other amounts of the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. To maintain a constant level of the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound in the body, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound being metabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled- or sustained-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various conditions, including but not limited to, changes in pH, changes in temperature, concentration or availability of enzymes, concentration or availability of water, or other physiological conditions or compounds.

The amount of the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound that is effective for the treatment or prevention of a Condition can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro and/or in vivo assays can optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed will also depend on, e.g., the route of administration and the seriousness of the Condition, and can be decided according to the judgment of a practitioner and/or each animal's circumstances. In other examples thereof, variations will necessarily occur depending upon the weight and physical condition (e.g., hepatic and renal function) of the animal being treated, the affliction to be treated, the severity of the symptoms, the frequency of the dosage interval, the presence of any deleterious side-effects, and the particular compound utilized, among other things.

Suitable effective dosage amounts, however, range from about 0.01 mg/kg of body weight to about 3000 mg/kg of body weight of the animal per day, although they are, in certain embodiments, from about 0.01 mg/kg of body weight to about 2500 mg/kg of body weight of the animal per day or from about 0.01 mg/kg of body weight to about 1000 mg/kg of body weight of the animal per day. In another embodiment, the effective dosage amount is about 100 mg/kg of body weight of the animal per day or less. In another embodiment, the effective dosage amount ranges from about 0.01 mg/kg of body weight to about 100 mg/kg of body weight of the animal per day of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, in another embodiment, about 0.02 mg/kg of body weight to about 50 mg/kg of body weight of the animal per day, and in another embodiment, about 0.025 mg/kg of body weight to about 20 mg/kg of body weight of the animal per day.

Administration can be as a single dose or as a divided dose. In one embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 24 hr until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 12 hr until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 8 hr until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 6 hr until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 4 hr until the Condition is abated. The effective dosage amounts described herein refer to total amounts administered; that is, if more than one Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is administered, the effective dosage amounts correspond to the total amount administered.

Where a cell capable of expressing the ORL-1 receptor, the μ-opioid receptor, the κ-opioid receptor and/or the δ-opioid receptor is contacted with an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound in vitro, the amount effective for inhibiting or activating that receptor function in a cell will, in certain embodiments, range from about 10⁻¹² mol/L to about 10⁻⁴ mol/L, in one embodiment, from about 10⁻¹² mol/L to about 10⁻⁵ mol/L, in another embodiment, from about 10⁻¹² mol/L to about 10⁻⁶ mol/L, and in another embodiment, from about 10⁻¹² mol/L to about 10⁻⁹ mol/L of a solution or suspension of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In one embodiment, the volume of solution or suspension comprising the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound will be from about 0.01 μL to about 1 mL. In another embodiment, the volume of solution or suspension will be about 200 μL.

An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a binding affinity (K_(i)) for the human ORL-1 receptor of about 1000 nM or less in one embodiment, or about 500 nM or less in another embodiment, about 100 nM or less in another embodiment, about 50 nM or less in another embodiment, or about 20 nM or less in another embodiment, or about 5 nM or less in another embodiment. The binding affinity K₁ can be measured in ways known to the art, e.g., by an assay utilizing membranes from recombinant HEK-293 cells expressing the ORL-1 receptor.

In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a Ki (nM) of about 300 or less for binding to ORL-1 receptors. In one embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 100 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 35 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 20 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 15 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 10 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 4 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 1 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 0.4 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 0.1 or less.

ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at an ORL-1 receptor. In one embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 5000 or less to stimulate ORL-1 receptor function. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 1000 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 100 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 80 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 50 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 35 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 15 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 10 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 4 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 1 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 0.4 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 0.1 or less.

ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by nociceptin, a standard ORL-1 agonist. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound acting as an agonist has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 50% or greater. In one embodiment, agonist Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 75% or greater. In another embodiment, agonist Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 85% or greater. In another embodiment, agonist Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 95% or greater. In another embodiment, agonist Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 100% or greater. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound acting as a partial agonist has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 10%. In one embodiment, partial agonist Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 20%. In another embodiment, partial agonist Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 30%. In another embodiment, partial agonist Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 40%. In another embodiment, partial agonist Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 50%.

In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a binding affinity (K_(i)) for the human μ-opioid receptor of about 1000 nM or less in one embodiment, or about 500 nM or less in another embodiment, about 100 nM or less in another embodiment, about 50 nM or less in another embodiment, or about 20 nM or less in another embodiment, or about 5 nM or less in another embodiment.

In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) for the human μ-opioid receptor of about 3000 or less for binding to a human μ-opioid receptor, or about 1000 or less, or about 650 or less, or about 525 or less, or about 250 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 10 or less, or about 1 or less. In one embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has substantially no activity.

μ GTP EC₅₀ is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at a human μ-opioid receptor. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a μ GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 20,000 or less to stimulate human μ-opioid receptor function, or about 10,000 or less. In other embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a μ GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 5000 or less to stimulate human μ-opioid receptor function, or about 4100 or less, or about 3100 or less, or about 2000 or less, or about 1000 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 10 or less, or about 1 or less, or about 0.4 or less.

μ GTP Emax (%) is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by DAMGO, a standard μ agonist. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a μ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or greater, or about 20% or greater, or about 50% or greater, or about 65% or greater, or about 75% or greater, or about 88% or greater. In other embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a μ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 2% or less.

In one embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 20,000 or less for binding to a human κ-opioid receptor. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has substantially no activity. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound that bind to the human κ-opioid receptor has a K_(i) (nM) of about 10,000 or less, or about 5000 or less, or about 1000 or less, or about 500 or less, or about 300 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 50 or less, or about 20 or less, or about 15 or less.

κ GTP EC₅₀ is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at a human κ-opioid receptor. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a κ GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 20,000 or less to stimulate human κ-opioid receptor function, or about 10,000 or less, or about 5000 or less, or about 2000 or less, or about 1500 or less, or about 800 or less, or about 500 or less, or about 300 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 50 or less, or about 25 or less.

κ GTP Emax (%) is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by U69,593. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a κ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or greater, or about 15% or greater, or about 30% or greater, or about 40% or greater, or about 45% or greater, or about 75% or greater, or about 90% or greater. In other embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a κ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 2% or less.

In one embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 20,000 or less for binding to a human δ-opioid receptor. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has substantially no activity. In other embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound that binds to the human δ-opioid receptor has a K_(i) (nM) of about 10,000 or less, or about 9000 or less, or about 7500 or less, or about 6500 or less, or about 5000 or less, or about 3000 or less, or about 2500 or less, or about 1000 or less, or about 500 or less, or about 350 or less, or about 250 or less, or about 100 or less.

δ GTP EC₅₀ is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at a human δ-opioid receptor. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a δ GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 20,000 or less to stimulate human δ-opioid receptor function, or about 10,000 or less, or about 1000 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 90 or less, or about 50 or less, or about 25 or less or less.

δ GTP Emax (%) is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by met-enkephalin. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a δ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or greater, or about 30% or greater, or about 50% or greater, or about 75% or greater, or about 90% or greater, or about 100% or greater. In other embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a δ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 2% or less.

The Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound can be assayed in vitro or in vivo for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity prior to use in humans. Animal model systems can be used to demonstrate safety and efficacy.

The methods for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal in need thereof can further comprise co-administering to the animal an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound (i.e., a first therapeutic agent) and a second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the second therapeutic agent is administered in an effective amount.

An effective amount of the second therapeutic agent will be known to those skilled the art depending on the agent. However, it is well within the skilled artisan's purview to determine the second therapeutic agent's optimal effective-amount range. An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and the second therapeutic agent combined can act either additively or synergistically to treat the same Condition, or they may act independently of each other such that the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound treats or prevents a first Condition and the second therapeutic agent treats or prevents a second disorder, which can be the same as the first Condition or another disorder. In one embodiment of the disclosure, where a second therapeutic agent is administered to an animal for treatment of a Condition (e.g., pain), the minimal effective amount of the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound will be less than its minimal effective amount would be where the second therapeutic agent is not administered. In this embodiment, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and the second therapeutic agent can act synergistically to treat or prevent a Condition. In one embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is administered concurrently with a second therapeutic agent as a single composition comprising an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. Alternatively, a composition comprising an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and a second composition comprising an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent are concurrently administered. In another embodiment, an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is administered prior or subsequent to administration of an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. In this embodiment, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is administered while the second therapeutic agent exerts its therapeutic effect, or the second therapeutic agent is administered while the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound exerts its therapeutic effect for treating or preventing a Condition.

The second therapeutic agent can be, but is not limited to, an opioid agonist, a non-opioid analgesic, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, an antimigraine agent, a Cox-II inhibitor, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, an anti-emetic, a β-adrenergic blocker, an anticonvulsant, an antidepressant, a Ca²⁺-channel blocker, an anti-cancer agent, an agent for treating or preventing UI, an agent for treating or preventing anxiety, an agent for treating or preventing a memory disorder, an agent for treating or preventing obesity, an agent for treating or preventing constipation, an agent for treating or preventing cough, an agent for treating or preventing diarrhea, an agent for treating or preventing high blood pressure, an agent for treating or preventing epilepsy, an agent for treating or preventing anorexia/cachexia, an agent for treating or preventing drug abuse, an agent for treating or preventing an ulcer, an agent for treating or preventing IBD, an agent for treating or preventing IBS, an agent for treating or preventing addictive disorder, an agent for treating or preventing Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism, an agent for treating or preventing a stroke, an agent for treating or preventing a seizure, an agent for treating or preventing a pruritic condition, an agent for treating or preventing psychosis, an agent for treating or preventing Huntington's chorea, an agent for treating or preventing ALS, an agent for treating or preventing a cognitive disorder, an agent for treating or preventing a migraine, an agent for inhibiting vomiting, an agent for treating or preventing dyskinesia, an agent for treating or preventing depression, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful opioid agonists include, but are not limited to, alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, diamorphone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene, fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, lofentanil, meperidine, meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, morphine, myrophine, nalbuphine, narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, normethadone, nalorphine, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, papaveretum, pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan, phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, proheptazine, promedol, properidine, propiram, propoxyphene, sufentanil, tilidine, tramadol, pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, or any mixture thereof.

In certain embodiments, the opioid agonist is codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, morphine, tramadol, oxymorphone, pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful non-opioid analgesics include, but are not limited to, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, benoxaprofen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, flubufen, ketoprofen, indoprofen, piroprofen, carprofen, oxaprozin, pramoprofen, muroprofen, trioxaprofen, suprofen, aminoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, fluprofen, bucloxic acid, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, zomepirac, tiopinac, zidometacin, acemetacin, fentiazac, clidanac, oxpinac, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid, diflurisal, flufenisal, piroxicam, sudoxicam, isoxicam, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof. Other suitable non-opioid analgesics include the following, non-limiting, chemical classes of analgesic, antipyretic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; salicylic acid derivatives, including aspirin, sodium salicylate, choline magnesium trisalicylate, salsalate, diflunisal, salicylsalicylic acid, sulfasalazine, and olsalazin; para-aminophenol derivatives including acetaminophen and phenacetin; indole and indene acetic acids, including indomethacin, sulindac, and etodolac; heteroaryl acetic acids, including tolmetin, diclofenac, and ketorolac; anthranilic acids (fenamates), including mefenamic acid and meclofenamic acid; enolic acids, including oxicams (piroxicam, tenoxicam), and pyrazolidinediones (phenylbutazone, oxyphenthartazone); alkanones, including nabumetone; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; or any mixture thereof. For a more detailed description of the NSAIDs, see Insel, “Analgesic-Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Agents and Drugs Employed in the Treatment of Gout,” pp. 617-657 in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Goodman et al., eds., 9^(th) Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York 1996), and Hanson, “Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs,” pp. 1196-1221 in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy Vol. II (Gennaro, ed., 19^(th) Ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, Pa., 1995), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Examples of useful Cox-II inhibitors and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, as well as combinations thereof, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,839, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of useful Cox-II inhibitors include, but are not limited to, celecoxib, DUP-697, flosulide, meloxicam, 6-MNA, L-745337, rofecoxib, nabumetone, nimesulide, NS-398, SC-5766, T-614, L-768277, GR-253035, JTE-522, RS-57067-000, SC-58125, SC-078, PD-138387, NS-398, flosulide, D-1367, SC-5766, PD-164387, etoricoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful antimigraine agents include, but are not limited to, alpiropride, bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, dolasetron, ergocornine, ergocorninine, ergocryptine, ergonovine, ergot, ergotamine, flumedroxone acetate, fonazine, ketanserin, lisuride, lomerizine, methylergonovine, methysergide, metoprolol, naratriptan, oxetorone, pizotyline, propranolol, risperidone, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, timolol, trazodone, zolmitriptan, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful anticonvulsants include, but are not limited to, acetylpheneturide, albutoin, aloxidone, aminoglutethimide, 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid, atrolactamide, beclamide, buramate, calcium bromide, carbamazepine, cinromide, clomethiazole, clonazepam, decimemide, diethadione, dimethadione, doxenitroin, eterobarb, ethadione, ethosuximide, ethotoin, felbamate, fluoresone, gabapentin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, lamotrigine, magnesium bromide, magnesium sulfate, mephenytoin, mephobarbital, metharbital, methetoin, methsuximide, 5-methyl-5-(3-phenanthryl)-hydantoin, 3-methyl-5-phenylhydantoin, narcobarbital, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, oxcarbazepine, paramethadione, phenacemide, phenetharbital, pheneturide, phenobarbital, phensuximide, phenylmethylbarbituric acid, phenytoin, phethenylate sodium, potassium bromide, pregabaline, primidone, progabide, sodium bromide, solanum, strontium bromide, suclofenide, sulthiame, tetrantoin, tiagabine, topiramate, trimethadione, valproic acid, valpromide, vigabatrin, zonisamide, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful Ca²⁺-channel blockers include, but are not limited to, bepridil, clentiazem, diltiazem, fendiline, gallopamil, mibefradil, prenylamine, semotiadil, terodiline, verapamil, amlodipine, aranidipine, barnidipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, efonidipine, elgodipine, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, manidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nilvadipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, cinnarizine, flunarizine, lidoflazine, lomerizine, bencyclane, etafenone, fantofarone, perhexiline, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing UI include, but are not limited to, propantheline, imipramine, hyoscyamine, oxybutynin, dicyclomine, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing anxiety include, but are not limited to, benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, brotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate, demoxepam, diazepam, estazolam, flumazenil, flurazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, prazepam, quazepam, temazepam, and triazolam; non-benzodiazepine agents, such as buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tiospirone, zolpicone, zolpidem, and zaleplon; tranquilizers, such as barbituates, e.g., amobarbital, aprobarbital, butabarbital, butalbital, mephobarbital, methohexital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, and thiopental; propanediol carbamates, such as meprobamate and tybamate; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing diarrhea include, but are not limited to, diphenoxylate, loperamide, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing epilepsy include, but are not limited to, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, valproic acid, trimethadione, benzodiazepines, γ vinyl GABA, acetazolamide, felbamate, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing drug abuse include, but are not limited to, methadone, desipramine, amantadine, fluoxetine, buprenorphine, an opiate agonist, 3-phenoxypyridine, levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride, serotonin antagonists, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, anti-emetics, β-adrenergic blockers, antidepressants, and anti-cancer agents are known in the art and can be selected by those skilled in the art. Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing memory disorder, obesity, constipation, cough, high blood pressure, anorexia/cachexia, an ulcer, IBD, IBS, addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism, a stroke, a seizure, a pruritic condition, psychosis, Huntington's chorea, ALS, a cognitive disorder, a migraine, dyskinesia, depression, a sleep disorder, a metabolic disorder, a renal disorder, a cardiovascular disorder and/or treating, preventing or inhibiting vomiting include those that are known in the art and can be selected by those skilled in the art.

A composition of the disclosure is prepared by a method comprising admixing an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Admixing can be accomplished using methods known for admixing a compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In one embodiment, the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound is present in the composition in an effective amount.

4.8 Kits

The disclosure further provides kits that can simplify the handling and administration of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound to an animal.

A typical kit of the disclosure comprises a unit dosage form of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. In one embodiment, the unit dosage form comprises a first container, which can be sterile, containing an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The kit can further comprise a label or printed instructions instructing the use of the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound to treat or prevent a Condition. The kit can further comprise a unit dosage form of a second therapeutic agent, for example, a second container containing an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In another embodiment, the kit comprises a container containing an effective amount of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound, an effective amount of a second therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Examples of second therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, those listed above.

Kits of the disclosure can further comprise a device that is useful for administering the unit dosage forms. Examples of such a device include, but are not limited to, a syringe, a drip bag, a patch, an inhaler, and an enema bag.

5. EXAMPLES

The following Examples are set forth to assist in understanding the claimed invention and should not be construed as specifically limiting. Variations of the claimed invention that would be within the purview of those skilled in the art, including the substitution of equivalents now known or later developed, as well as changes in formulation or changes in experimental design, are considered to fall within the scope of the claimed invention.

Certain Examples below relate to the synthesis of illustrative Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds.

Example 1 Synthesis of (4-[4-((1R,5S,7S)-(1 S,6R,8R)-9-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-3-oxa-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-methoxyimino-butyric acid (48) (Compound J34b) according to Scheme C 4-[4-((1R,5S,7S)-(1S,6R,8R)-9-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-3-oxa-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-butyric acid ethyl ester (c2)

Compound c1 was synthesized in a manner similar to the procedures described in WO2009/027820, J. Org. Chem., 44, 2819-2824 (1979), and J. Org. Chem., 45, 1800-1806 (1980).

To a solution of c1 (840 mg, 2.273 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) was added diethyl 2-oxohexane-1,6-carboxylate (983 mg, 4.55 mmol) and acetic acid (0.390 mL, 6.82 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with H₂O. It was dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. for 2 hr. The resulting light brown solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 45 g, CHCl₃/MeOH=1/0˜99/1) and recrystallized (MeOH) to provide 910 mg of compound c2 as a yellow solid. (Yield 77%)

c2: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.25 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.32 (m, 1H), 1.45-1.88 (m, 15H), 2.10-2.34 (m, 3H), 2.17 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 2.48 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.98 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.15 (m, 1H), 3.34 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.98 (m, 1H), 7.26 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (td, J=1.5 Hz, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (brs, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=522.4[M+H]⁺ (Calc: 521).

4-[4-((1R,5S,7S)-(1S,6R,8R)-9-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-3-oxa-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-oxo-butyric acid ethyl ester (c3)

To a solution of c2 (908 mg, 1.740 mmol) in acetic acid (10 mL) was added CrO₃ (609 mg, 6.09 mmol) at temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 7 hr. After cooling to at temperature of about 25° C., the reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, then extracted with AcOEt (2×50 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The resulting light brown solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 45 g, CHCl₃/MeOH=1/0˜99/1) to provide 215 mg of compound c3 as a yellow solid. (Yield 23%)

c3: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.27 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.20-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.86 (m, 11H), 2.10-2.56 (m, 7H), 2.78 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1.2H), 2.98 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 0.8H), 3.12 (m, 1H), 3.35 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 2H), 3.46 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 2H), 4.06-4.20 (m, 2H), 6.00 (m, 1H), 7.26-8.36 (m, 4H); LC/MS: m/z=536.3[M+H]⁺ (Calc: 535).

4-[4-((1R,5S,7S)-(1S,6R,8R)-9-bicyclo 4.3.1]dec-8-yl-3-oxa-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-hydroxyimino-butyric acid ethyl ester (c4)

To a solution of c3 (213 mg, 0.398 mmol) in EtOH (4 mL) was added AcONa (98 mg, 1.193 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (55 mg, 0.795 mmol) at temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at temperature of about 25° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, the precipitate which was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O. It was dried under reduced pressure at 70° C. for 6 hr. The precipitate was chromatographed (silica-gel 30 g, CHCl₃/10% concentrated NH₄OH-MeOH=1/0˜49/1) to provide 137 mg of compound c4 as a yellow solid. (Yield 63%)

c4: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.23 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.25-1.39 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.88 (m, 13H), 2.12-2.32 (m, 4H), 2.32-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.75 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.13 (m, 1H), 3.26-3.40 (m, 4H), 3.70 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.08 (m, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (td, J=1.5 Hz, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (dd, J=1.5 Hz, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (brs, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=551.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 550).

4-[4-((1R,5S,7S)-(1S,6R,8R)-9-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-3-oxa-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-methoxyimino-butyric acid ethyl ester (c5)

To a solution of c4 (135 mg, 0.245 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (68 mg, 0.490 mmol) and methyl iodide (0.023 mL, 0.368 mmol) at temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at temperature of about 25° C. for 5 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (15 mL), then extracted with AcOEt (2×20 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The resulting yellow solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 30 g, CHCl₃/MeOH=1/0˜19/1) to provide 90 mg of compound c5 as a pale yellow solid. (Yield 65%)

c5: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.21 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.24-1.37 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.88 (m, 12H), 2.12-2.32 (m, 4H), 2.34-2.58 (m, 2H), 2.76 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.14 (m, 1H), 3.35 (d, J=10 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 4.07 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 6.00 (m, 1H), 7.30 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (m, 1H), 7.92 (dd, J=0.9 Hz, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (brs, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=565.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 564).

(4-[4-((1R,5S,7S)-(1S,6R,8R)-9-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-3-oxa-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-methoxyimino-butyric acid (48) (Compound J34b)

To a solution of c5 (90 mg, 0.159 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added 2N aqueous NaOH (0.239 mL, 0.478 mmol) at temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at temperature of about 25° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was neutralized by 2N aqueous HCl (0.239 mL) and adjusted to a pH within the range of from about pH4 to about pH5 to give a pale yellow precipitate, which was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O, and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. for 10 hr to provide 65 mg of 48 as a pale yellow solid. (Yield 76%)

48: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.22-2.00 (m, 12H), 2.52-2.78 (m, 7H), 2.84-3.13 (m, 4H), 3.30-3.46 (m, 2H), 3.70-4.18 (m, 8.5H), 4.93 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 0.5H), 6.27 (m, 1H), 7.30-8.62 (m, 4H)ppm; LC/MS: m/z=537.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 536).

Example 2 Synthesis of 4-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-4-(methoxyimino)butanoic acid (12) (Compound G34b) according to Scheme C ethyl-4-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)butanoate (c7)

To a solution of c6 (707 mg, 2.000 mmol) in ethanol (7 mL) was added AcOH (0.343 mL, 6.00 mmol) and diethyl 2-oxohexanedioate (865 mg, 4.00 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 1 hr. After cooling to a temperature of about 25° C., the mixture was separated by CHCl₃/H₂O (80 mL×2), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The resulting brown oil was chromatographed (ISCO, 24 g, CHCl₃/10% NH₃ in MeOH=100/0˜95/5) to provide 678 mg of c7 as a pale brown oil. (Yield 67%) c7: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.22 (t, J=20.1 Hz, 3H), 1.25-1.36 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.83 (m, 13H), 2.04-2.18 (m, 8H), 2.44 (q, J=10.5 Hz, 6H), 2.95 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 4.04-4.15 (m, 4H), 7.26-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.55 (s, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=6.7H, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=506.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 505.69).

ethyl-4-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-4-oxobutanoate (c8)

To a solution of c7 (300 mg, 0.593 mmol) in acetic acid (3 mL) was added chromium trioxide (119 mg, 1.186 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 45 min. After concentration, to the mixture was added saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, then extracted by CHCl₃/H₂O (60 mL×2), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The resulting oil was chromatographed (ISCO, 12 g, CHCl₃/10% NH₃ in MeOH=99/1˜93/7) to provide 57 mg of c8 as a yellow amorphous solid. (Yield 18.5%)

c8: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.24-1.89 (m, 21H), 2.25 (s, 4H), 2.43 (s, 1H), 2.77 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.44 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 4.16 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.17 (br, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (dd, J=13.9, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=520.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 519.67).

ethyl-4-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-4-(methoxyimino)butanoate (c9)

To a solution of c8 (57 mg, 0.110 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL) was added AcONa (16.20 mg, 0.197 mmol) and methoxylamine hydrochloride (16.49 mg, 0.197 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1.5 hr. After 1 hr, stating material remained, so the mixture was then stirred at 80° C. for 3 hr. After concentration, the mixture was extracted by CHCl₃/H₂O (50 mL×2), dried (MgSO₄) and combined organic layers concentrated. The resulting yellow amorphous solid of c9 was used directly in the next reaction. (Yield; 54 mg, 89.7%)

c9: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.17-2.43 (m, 25H), 2.70 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 3.71 (s, 2H), 4.05-4.10 (m, 5H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.53 (s, 2H), 7.91 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=549.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 548.72).

4-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-4-(methoxyimino)butanoic acid (12) (Compound G34b)

To a solution of c9 (52 mg, 0.095 mmol) in ethanol (0.5 mL) and THF (1 mL) was added 2N NaOH (0.142 mL, 0.284 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 4 hr. After concentration, to a mixture was added ice-H₂O (1 mL), then neutralized by 2N HCl and adjusted to pH5 to provide a pale brown solid which showed 94% purity by LCMS. This resulting solid was chromatographed (ISCO, 12 g, CHCl₃/10% NH₃ in MeOH=95/5˜4/1) to provide 20 mg of 12 as a pale brown amorphous solid. (Yield 40.5%) 12: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.26-1.44 (m, 4H), 1.70 (d, J=13.0 Hz, 4H), 1.85 (dd, J=16.2, 8.6 Hz, 4H), 2.25 (ddd, J=25.7, 13.5, 6.5 Hz, 5H), 2.42-2.58 (m, 6H), 2.65-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.86 (ddd, J=22.9, 12.8, 6.7 Hz, 3H), 3.07 (dt, J=21.7, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 1H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 6.02-6.14 (m, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=521.45 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 520.66).

Example 3 Synthesis of 4-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-4-(methoxyimino)butanoic acid (14) (Compound A50a) according to Scheme C ethyl-4-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)butanoate (c11)

c11 was prepared from c10 by the same procedure as for the synthesis of c7. (Yield; 786 mg, 54%)

c11: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.23 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 4H), 1.56-1.65 (m, 8H), 2.01-2.36 (m, 16H), 2.47 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.95 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 5H), 7.31 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (br, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=492.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 491.66).

ethyl-4-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-4-oxobutanoate (c12)

c12 was prepared from c11 by the same procedure as for the synthesis of c8. (Yield; 322 mg, 39.8%)

c12: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.27 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.52-2.22 (m, 20H), 2.77 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 4H), 3.43 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 4.15 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=506.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 505.65).

ethyl-4-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-4-(methoxyimino)butanoate (c13)

c13 was prepared from c12 by the same procedure as for the synthesis of c9. (Yield; 129 mg, 99%)

c13: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.16-1.29 (m, 4H), 1.53-1.60 (m, 8H), 1.80-1.82 (m, 12H), 2.21 (s, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 3.09 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (s, 2H), 4.04-4.09 (m, 5H), 7.29 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (s, 2H), 7.90 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=535.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 534.69).

4-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-4-(methoxyimino)butanoic acid (14) (Compound A50a)

14 was prepared from c13 by the same procedure as for the synthesis of 12. (Yield; 116 mg, 95%)

14: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.31 (s, 1H), 1.64 (dd, J=35.7, 11.3 Hz, 6H), 1.83 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.07 (s, 2H), 2.26 (t, J=9.5 Hz, 4H), 2.46 (tt, J=21.8, 8.7 Hz, 6H), 2.66-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.94 (m, 3H), 3.10 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 1H), 4.07 (s, 2H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 6.09 (t, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 3H), 7.68-7.74 (m, 1H), 7.86-7.92 (m, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=507.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 506.64).

Example 4 Synthesis of (E)-4-(2-amino-2-oxoethoxyimino)-4-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)butanoic acid (41) (Compound T49b) according to Scheme C ethyl-4-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)butanoate (c15)

c15 was prepared from c14 by the same procedure as for the synthesis of c11. (Yield; 2100 mg, 99%)

c15: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.24 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.43-1.81 (m, 19H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 2.15 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (s, 4H), 2.46 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.95 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 3.48 (s, 1H), 3.96 (s, 2H), 4.10 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.48 (s, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.79 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 2H); LC/MS: m/z=520.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 519.72).

ethyl-4-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-4-oxobutanoate (c16)

c16 was prepared from c15 by the same procedure as for the synthesis of c8. (Yield; 1490 mg, 69.1%)

c16: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.24-1.29 (m, 3H), 1.40-1.85 (m, 16H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 2.31 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 4H), 2.74-2.89 (m, 6H), 3.45 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 3.92 (s, 2H), 4.16 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.51 (s, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=534.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 533.7).

(E)-ethyl-4-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-4-(hydroxyimino)butanoate (c17)

c17 was prepared from c16 by the same procedure as for the synthesis of c13. (Yield; 720 mg, 87.5%)

c17: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.35 (s, 4H), 1.67 (d, J=29.9 Hz, 12H), 1.85 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 6H), 2.38-2.59 (m, 10H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.93 (s, 2H), 3.12 (s, 1H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 6.30 (s, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (dd, J=7.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=549.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 548.72).

(E)-ethyl-4-(2-amino-2-oxoethoxyimino)-4-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)butanoate (c18)

c18 was prepared from c17 by the same procedure as for the synthesis of d19. (Yield; 115 mg, 86.8%)

c18: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.15-1.33 (m, 5H), 1.48-1.68 (m, 22H), 1.73-1.84 (m, 4H), 1.99 (td, J=12.5, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 2.26 (t, J=2.8 Hz, 2H), 2.68 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 3.04-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.53 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (dd, J=13.7, 6.6 Hz, 2H), 5.53 (s, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=606.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 605.77).

(E)-4-(2-amino-2-oxoethoxyimino)-4-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)butanoic acid (41) (Compound T49b)

41 was prepared from c18 by the same procedure as for the synthesis of 38. (Yield; 23 mg, 21.9%)

41: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.34-1.51 (m, 4H), 1.87 (tt, J=40.7, 17.2 Hz, 14H), 2.46 (dt, J=23.6, 9.0 Hz, 6H), 2.84 (ddt, J=76.2, 28.4, 10.0 Hz, 6H), 3.20 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 2H), 4.75 (s, 1H), 6.19-6.36 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.79 (tt, J=23.0, 7.2 Hz, 4H), 8.64 (t, J=9.1 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=578.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 577.71).

Example 5 Synthesis of 4-[4-((1R,3R)—(S)-9-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-methoxyimino-butyric acid (2) (Compound B50a) according to Scheme C 4-[4-((1R,3R)—(S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-butyric acid ethyl ester (c20)

To a solution of c19 (1 g, 2.83 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) was added diethyl 2-oxohexane-1,6-carboxylate (1.223 mg, 5.66 mmol) and acetic acid (0.485 mL, 8.49 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting oil was chromatographed (amino silica-gel 15 g, hexane/AcOEt=3/1˜1/3) to provide 1.055 mg of c20 as a white amorphous solid. (Yield 74%)

c20: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.27 (t, J=7.13 Hz, 3H), 1.40-3.09 (m, 30H), 3.84-4.03 (m, 3H), 4.15 (q, J=7.12 Hz, 2H), 5.45-5.69 (m, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=7.47 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (t, J=7.77 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.23 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.06 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=506.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 505).

4-[4-((1R,3R)—(S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-oxo-butyric acid ethyl ester (c21)

To a solution of c20 (390 mg, 0.771 mmol) in acetic acid (3.9 mL) was added CrO₃ (154 mg, 1.542 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 3 hr. After cooling to a temperature of about 25° C., the reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and then extracted with AcOEt-CHCl₃ (5:1, 2×60 mL) and AcOEt (30 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting brown amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 4 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=19/1˜17/3) to provide 118.5 mg of c21 as a yellow amorphous solid. (Yield 30%)

c21: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.04-1.15 (m, 2H), 1.28 (t, J=7.02 Hz, 3H), 1.39-2.09 (m, 19H), 2.37-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.67-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.78 (t, J=6.86 Hz, 2H), 3.46 (t, J=6.86 Hz, 2H), 3.49-3.59 (m, 3H), 4.17 (q, J=7.21 Hz, 2H), 5.01-5.35 (br, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.70 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.93 (d, J=7.78 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=520.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 519).

4-[4-((1R,3R)—(S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-methoxyimino-butyric acid ethyl ester (c22)

To a solution of c21 (115 mg, 0.221 mmol) in EtOH (4 mL) was added AcONa (36.3 mg, 0.443 mmol) and O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (27.7 mg, 0.332 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 30 min, at 60° C. for 30 min and at 100° C. for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and then extracted with AcOEt (50 mL) and AcOEt (25 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting brown amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 4 g, hexane/AcOEt=17/3˜7/3) to provide 85.0 mg of c22 as a yellow amorphous solid. (Yield 70%)

c22: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.06-1.32 (m, 5H), 1.39-2.12 (m, 25H), 2.33-2.49 (br, 1H), 2.71 (t, J=7.78 Hz, 2H), 3.11 (t, J=7.85 Hz, 1H), 3.47-3.62 (m, 2H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 5.08-5.42 (br, 1H), 7.32 (t, J=8.00 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.92 (d, J=7.78 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=549.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 548).

4-[4-((1R,3R)—(S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-methoxyimino-butyric acid (2) (Compound B50a)

To a solution of c22 (83 mg, 0.151 mmol) in THF-EtOH (2:1) (2.5 mL) was added 2N aqueous NaOH (0.227 mL, 0.454 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 3.5 hr. The reaction mixture was neutralized by 2N aqueous HCl (0.33 mL) and diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with water and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting white solid was triturated with CHCl₃-hexane (4:1, 10 mL) and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. to provide 78.8 mg of 2 as a white solid. (Yield>99%)

2: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.20-3.20 (m, 29H), 4.00-4.14 (m, 2H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 4.15-4.28 (m, 1H), 6.16-6.34 (m, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=7.55 Hz, 1H), 7.68-7.90 (m, 2H), 8.61 (d, J=8.39 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=521.45 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 520).

Example 6 Synthesis of 4-[4-((1R,3R)—(S)-9-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxyimino)-butyric acid (3) (Compound L49a) according to Scheme C 4-Allyloxyimino-4-[4-((1R,3R)—(S)-9-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-butyric acid ethyl ester (c23)

To a solution of c21 (150 mg, 0.289 mmol) in EtOH (3 mL) was added O-allylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (63.2 mg, 0.577 mmol) and NaOAc (71.0 mg, 0.866 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 5 hr and 60° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3), The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting off-white amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=19/1˜4/1) to provide 177.3 mg of c23 as a yellow amorphous solid. (Yield>99%).

c23: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.05-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.19 (t, J=7.17 Hz, 3H), 1.39-2.12 (m, 18H), 2.33-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.82 (m, 5H), 3.47-3.60 (m, 3H), 4.06 (q, J=7.07 Hz, 2H), 4.78 (d, J=5.80 Hz, 2H), 5.24 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (d, J=17.4 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (ddd, J=17.4, 10.4, 5.80 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=7.77 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.66 (m, 2H), 7.92 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=575.45 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 574).

4-[4-((1R,3R)—(S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxyimino)-butyric acid ethyl ester (c24)

To a solution of c23 (166 mg, 0.289 mmol) in THF—H₂O (4:1) (5 mL) was added sodium periodate (0.185 g, 0.867 mmol) and K₂OsO₄.2H₂O (5.32 mg, 0.014 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 3 hr, and then to the reaction mixture was added K₂OsO₄-2H₂O (10.65 mg, 0.029 mmol) and sodium periodate (0.124 g, 0.578 mmol). The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 4 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and then extracted with CHCl₃ (x2). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide a purple amorphous solid. To a solution of this amorphous solid in THF-MeOH (2:1) (3 mL) was added NaBH₄ (32.8 mg, 0.867 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and then extracted with CHCl₃ (x2). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting brown amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=19/1˜17/3) to provide 132.6 mg of c24 as a brown amorphous solid. (Yield 79%).

c24: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.19 (t, J=7.09 Hz, 3H), 1.31-3.22 (m, 29H), 3.92-3.97 (m, 2H), 4.10-4.13 (m, 4H), 4.14-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.34-4.40 (m, 2H), 6.16-6.36 (m, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.71 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (td, J=7.93, 1.37 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (dd, J=7.93, 1.37 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (d, J=8.69 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=579.45 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 578).

4-[4-((1R,3R)—(S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-(2-hydroxy-ethoxyimino)-butyric acid (3) (Compound L49a)

To a solution of c24 (129 mg, 0.223 mmol) in THF-EtOH (2:1) (3.9 mL) was added 2 mol/mL aqueous NaOH (0.334 mL, 0.669 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1.5 hr. The reaction mixture was acidified with 2 mol/mL aqueous HCl (0.5 mL) and diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting yellow amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=9/1˜3/2) to provide a white solid. The solid was triturated with MeOH and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. to provide 65 mg of 3 as a white solid. (Yield 53%)

3: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.30-3.24 (m, 29H), 3.76 (br, 1H), 3.91-3.98 (m, 2H), 4.02-4.15 (m, 2H), 4.15-4.28 (m, 1H), 4.34-4.41 (m, 2H), 6.16-6.40 (m, 1H), 7.37 (t, J=7.55 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (t, J=7.32 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=7.93 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (d, J=9.00 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=551.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 550).

Example 7 Synthesis of 4-[4-((1R,3R)—(S)-9-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-hydroxyimino-butyric acid (7) (Compound B49a) according to Scheme C

To a solution of c21 (100 mg, 0.192 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was added NH₂OH hydrochloride (26.7 mg, 0.385 mmol) and NaOAc (47.4 mg, 0.577 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1.5 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide a yellow solid. To a solution of this solid in THF-EtOH (2:1) (3 mL) was added 2 mol/mL aqueous NaOH (0.289 mL, 0.577 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was acidified with 2 mol/mL aqueous HCl (0.43 mL) and diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting yellow amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=4/1˜3/7) to provide a yellow solid. The solid was triturated with MeOH and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. to provide 85.6 mg of 7 as a pale yellow solid. (Yield 88%)

7: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.32-3.20 (m, 30H), 4.03-4.16 (m, 2H), 4.16-4.31 (m, 1H), 6.36-6.56 (m, 1H), 7.51 (t, J=7.57 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (t, J=8.09 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=7.90 Hz, 1H), 8.85 (d, J=8.65 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=507.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 506).

Example 8 Synthesis of 4-[4-((1R,3R)—(S)-9-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-isopropoxyimino-butyric acid (68) (Compound B52a) according to Scheme C

To a solution of c21 (100 mg, 0.192 mmol) in EtOH (2 mL) was added O-isopropylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (42.9 mg, 0.385 mmol) and sodium acetate (47.4 mg, 0.577 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide a white amorphous solid. To a solution of this amorphous solid in THF-EtOH (2:1) (3 mL) was added 2 mol/mL aqueous NaOH (0.289 mL, 0.577 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was acidified with 2 mol/mL aqueous HCl (0.87 mL) and then evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting pink solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=4/1˜3/7) to provide a white amorphous solid. The amorphous solid was solidified by CHCl₃-hexane and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. to provide 50.8 mg of 68 as a white solid. (Yield 48%)

68: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.12 (d, J=6.10 Hz, 1.8H), 1.30 (d, J=6.25 Hz, 4.2H), 1.24-3.13 (m, 29H), 4.03-4.14 (m, 2H), 4.14-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.29-4.41 (m, 0.3H), 4.47-4.62 (m, 0.7H), 6.18-6.36 (m, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=7.06 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (t, J=7.47 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=7.91 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (d, J=8.60 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=549.45 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 548).

Example 9 Synthesis of 4-[4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-methoxyimino-butyric acid (69) (Compound H34b) according to Scheme C

c25 was prepared according Scheme C analogously to c21 and the above compounds.

To a solution of c25 (92.4 mg, 0.173 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was added O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (28.9 mg, 0.346 mmol) and NaOAc (42.6 mg, 0.519 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 3 hr. To the reaction mixture was added N-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (28.9 mg, 0.346 mmol) and NaOAc (42.6 mg, 0.519 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1 hr, at 40° C. for 1.5 hr and at 60° C. for 1.5 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃-water (1:1), then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide a yellow amorphous solid. To a solution of this amorphous solid in THF-EtOH (2:1) (3 mL) was added 2 mol/mL aqueous NaOH (0.260 mL, 0.519 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 15 min. The reaction mixture was acidified with 2 mol/mL aqueous HCl (0.39 mL) and diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting yellow amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=4/1˜3/7) to provide a white solid. The solid was triturated with EtOH-hexane (1:4) and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. to provide 53.2 mg of 69 as a white solid. (Yield 58%)

69: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.19-2.07 (m, 17H), 2.36-3.15 (m, 14H), 3.73-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.82 (s, 0.9H), 4.05 (s, 2.1H), 4.09-4.21 (m, 2H), 6.18-6.38 (m, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=7.57 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (t, J=8.00 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (dd, J=8.08, 1.42 Hz, 0.3H), 7.89 (dd, J=7.99, 1.42 Hz, 0.7H), 8.63 (d, J=8.54 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=535.45 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 534).

Example 10 Synthesis of 4-[4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-cyclodecyl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-methoxyimino-butyric acid (9) (Compound F34b) according to Scheme C

c26 was prepared according Scheme C analogously to c21 and the above compounds.

To a solution of c26 (175 mg, 0.327 mmol) in EtOH (8.8 mL) was added O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (109 mg, 1.307 mmol) and NaOAc (161 mg, 1.960 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃-water(1:1), then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide a yellow oil. To a solution of this oil in THF-EtOH (2:1) (3 mL) was added 2 mol/mL aqueous NaOH (0.490 mL, 0.980 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was acidified with 2 mol/mL aqueous HCl (0.735 mL) and diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting yellow amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=4/1˜3/7) to provide a white solid. The solid was triturated with EtOH-hexane (1:1) and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. to provide 76.7 mg of 9 as a white solid. (Yield 44%)

9: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.39-3.15 (m, 33H), 3.64-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 0.9H), 4.05 (s, 2.1H), 4.05-4.13 (m, 2H), 6.17-6.36 (m, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=7.49 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (t, J=7.70 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (dd, J=8.04, 1.47 Hz, 0.3H), 7.88 (dd, J=7.90, 1.25 Hz, 0.7H), 8.62 (d, J=8.35 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=537.45 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 536).

Example 11 Synthesis of 4-[4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-cyclononyl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-methoxyimino-butyric acid (10) (Compound F34a) according to Scheme C

c27 was prepared according Scheme C analogously to c21 and the above compounds.

To a solution of c27 (112 mg, 0.215 mmol) in EtOH (5.5 mL) was added O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (71.7 mg, 0.859 mmol) and NaOAc (106 mg, 1.288 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 3 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃-water(1:1), then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide a yellow oil. To a solution of this oil in THF-EtOH (2:1) (3 mL) was added 2 mol/mL aqueous NaOH (0.322 mL, 0.644 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 15 min. The reaction mixture was acidified with 2 mol/mL aqueous HCl (0.48 mL) and diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting yellow amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g,

CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=4/1˜3/7) to provide a white solid. The solid was triturated with EtOH-hexane (1:1) and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. to provide 46.9 mg of 10 as a white solid. (Yield 42%)

10: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.26-3.19 (m, 31H), 3.69-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 0.9H), 4.06-4.16 (m, 2H), 4.08 (s, 2.1H), 6.20-6.38 (m, 1H), 7.38 (t, J=7.66 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (t, J=7.88 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (dd, J=7.89, 1.34 Hz, 0.3H), 7.91 (dd, J=8.02, 1.34 Hz, 0.7H), 8.63 (d, J=8.72 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=523.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 522).

Example 12 Synthesis of 4-[4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-ethoxyimino-butyric acid (11) (Compound B51a) according to Scheme C

To a solution of c21 (47.4 mg, 0.577 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was added O-ethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (42.9 mg, 0.385 mmol) and sodium acetate (47.4 mg, 0.577 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃-water (3:2) and then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide a yellow amorphous solid. To a solution of this amorphous solid in THF-EtOH (2:1) (3 mL) was added 2 mol/mL aqueous NaOH (0.577 mL, 1.155 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was acidified with 2 mol/mL aqueous HCl (0.87 mL), diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting yellow amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=4/1˜3/7) to provide a white solid. The solid was triturated with CHCl₃-hexane (1:8) and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. to provide 83.9 mg of 11 as an off-white solid. (Yield 82%)

11: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.17 (t, J=7.04 Hz, 0.9H), 1.35 (t, J=7.14 Hz, 2.1H), 1.32-3.19 (m, 29H), 4.07-4.18 (m, 2.6H), 4.34 (q, J=7.05 Hz, 1.4H), 6.16-6.38 (m, 1H), 7.38 (t, J=7.63 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (td, J=7.97, 1.68 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (dd, J=7.89, 1.66 Hz, 0.3H), 7.91 (dd, J=7.89 Hz, 0.7H), 8.64 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=535.45 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 534).

Example 13 Synthesis of 4-methoxyimino-4-{4-[(1R,3R,7S)-9-(7-methyl-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl]-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl}-butyric acid (13) (Compound B58a) according to Scheme C

c28 was prepared according Scheme C analogously to c21 and the above compounds.

To a solution of c28 (47.4 mg, 0.577 mmol) in EtOH (5.5 mL) was added O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (68.9 mg, 0.824 mmol) and NaOAc (101 mg, 1.237 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 1.5 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃-water(1:1), then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide a yellow amorphous solid. To a solution of this amorphous solid in THF-EtOH (2:1) (3.3 mL) was added 2 mol/mL aqueous NaOH (0.309 mL, 0.618 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 10 min. The reaction mixture was acidified with 2 mol/mL aqueous HCl (0.43 mL) and evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting yellow amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=4/1˜3/7) to provide a yellow amorphous solid. The amorphous solid was triturated with MeOH—H₂O (1:19) and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. to provide 72.4 mg of 13 as a white solid. (Yield 66%)

13: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 0.53-0.66 (m, 2H), 0.87 (d, J=6.25 Hz, 3H), 1.29-1.39 (m, 1H), 1.59-2.14 (m, 11H), 2.30-3.14 (m, 14H), 3.72-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.82 (s, 0.9H), 4.03-4.15 (m, 2H), 4.05 (s, 2.1H), 6.20-6.38 (m, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=7.70 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (t, J=7.40 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 0.3H), 7.89 (d, J=7.63 Hz, 0.7H), 8.63 (d, J=8.85 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=535.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 534).

Example 14 Synthesis of 2-(((1-(4-((1R,1′R,3r,3′R,5S,5′S)-[3,9′-bi(9′-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-4-(methylamino)-4-oxobutylidene)amino)oxy)acetic acid (42) (Compound P74a) according to Scheme C 2-(((1-(4-((1R,1′R,3r,3′R,5S,5′S)-[3,9′-bi(9′-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-4-ethoxy-4-oxobutylidene)amino)oxy)acetic acid (c29)

To a suspension of c21 (500 mg, 0.962 mmol) in EtOH (10 ml) were added 2-(aminooxy)acetic acid (379 mg, 3.46 mmol), acetic acid (116 mg, 1.924 mmol) and sodium acetate (316 mg, 3.85 mmol) at r.t. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, then extracted with CHCl₃ twice. The combined organic phases were washed with saturated NaCl(aq.) and dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting oil was purified by column chromatography (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/10% concNH₄OH-MeOH=19/1˜1/1) to give c29 as a brown amorphous (yield; 383.2 mg, 67%).

c29; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3-CD3OD-DCl) δ: 1.21 (t, J=7.13 Hz, 3H), 1.34-3.25 (m, 29H), 4.08 (q, J=7.11 Hz, 2H), 4.08-4.18 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.32 (m, 1H). 4.84 (s, 2H), 6.23-6.41 (m, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=7.55 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (t, J=7.89 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.06 Hz, 1H), 8.70 (d, J=Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=593.45 [M+H]⁺.

2-(((1-(4-((1R,1′R,3r,3′R,5S,5′S)— [3,9′-bi(9′-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-4-(methylamino)-4-oxobutylidene)amino)oxy)acetic acid (42) (Compound P74a)

To a suspension of compound c29 (100 mg, 0.169 mmol) in DMF (4 ml) was added 40% methylamine aq. (6 ml) at r.t. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 min and at 60° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting solid was purified by column chromatography (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/10% concNH₄OH-MeOH=4/1˜3/7). The obtained solid was triturated with CHCl₃-Et₂O(1:4) and dried under reduced pressure at 80 deg to give 42 as a white solid (yield; 92 mg, 94%).

42; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.33-3.49 (m, 33H), 4.04-4.17 (m, 2H), 4.17-4.33 (m, 1H), 4.66 (s, 1H), 4.89 (s, 1H), 6.20-6.52 (m, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=7.72 Hz, 0.5H), 7.49 (t, J=7.50 Hz, 0.5H), 7.75-7.94 (m, 2H), 8.68 (d, J=9.07 Hz, 0.5H), 8.79 (d, J=8.73 Hz, 0.5H). LC/MS: m/z=578.40 [M+H]⁺.

Example 15 Synthesis of [4-((1S,3R,5R)-(1R,6S,8S)-8-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-isopropoxyimino-acetic acid (37) (Compound G4b) according to Scheme D [4-((1S,3R,5R)-(1R,6S,8S)-8-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]acetic acid ethyl ester (d2)

To a solution of c6 (578 mg, 1.64 mmol) in ethanol (6 mL) was added oxalacetic acid diethyl ester sodium salt (977 mg, 4.41 mmol) and acetic acid (0.505 mL, 8.83 mmol) at temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 8 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, then extracted with CHCl₃ (2×30 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The resulting brown solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 45 g, AcOEt/n-hexane=1/3˜1/0) to provide 385 mg of compound d2 as a light brown solid. (Yield 49%)

d2: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.18-1.46 (m, 10H), 1.60-1.94 (m, 7H), 2.14-2.58 (m, 8H), 2.82-3.10 (m, 2H), 3.19 (d, J=16.5 Hz, 0.5H), 3.50 (d, J=16.5 Hz, 0.5H), 4.06-4.38 (m, 6H), 5.80-6.26 (m, 1H), 6.93-8.18 (m, 4H); LC/MS: m/z=478.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 477).

4-((1S,3R,5R)-(1R,6S,8S)-8-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-hydroxyimino-acetic acid ethyl ester (d3)

To a solution of d3 (375 mg, 0.785 mmol) in AcOH—H₂O (1:1, 4 mL) was added NaNO₂ (217 mg, 3.14 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 3 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (15 mL). The precipitate which was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O. It was dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. for 10 hr to provide 293 mg of d3. (Yield 74%)

d3: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.18-1.45 (m, 8H), 1.56-1.95 (m, 8H), 2.12-2.56 (m, 9H), 2.83-3.32 (m, 4H), 4.18-4.28 (m, 2H), 4.32-4.42 (m, 2H), 6.20 (m, 1H), 7.39 (m, 1H), 7.74 8m, 1H), 7.86 (m, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=507.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 506).

[4-((1S,3R,5R)-(1R,6S,8S)-8-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-isopropoxyimino-acetic acid ethyl ester (d4)

To a solution of d4 (144 mg, 0.284 mmol) in DMF (2.5 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (79 mg, 0.568 mmol) and 2-iodopropane (0.043 mL, 0.426 mmol) at temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at temperature of about 25° C. for 4 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (15 mL), then extracted with AcOEt (2×15 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O and saturated aqueous NaCl. After drying (MgSO₄), the solvent was removed to provide 139 mg of the product as a light brown solid. (Yield 89%)

d4: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.17-1.52 (m, 12.0H), 1.60-1.93 (m, 8H), 2.13-2.57 (m, 12H), 2.84-3.16 (m, 4H), 4.20-4.40 (m, 2.6H), 4.62 (m, 0.4H), 5.96 (m, 0.4H), 6.17 (m, 0.6H), 7.38 (m, 1H), 7.73 (m, 1H), 7.86 (m, 1H), 8.15 (m, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=549.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 548).

[4-((1S,3R,5R)-(1R,6S,8S)-8-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-isopropoxyimino-acetic acid (37) (Compound G4b)

To a solution of d4 (134 mg, 0.244 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added 2N aqueous NaOH (0.366 mL, 0.733 mmol) at temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at temperature of about 25° C. for 2.5 hr. The reaction mixture was neutralized by 2N aqueous HCl (0.366 mL) and adjusted to a pH within the range of from about pH4 to about pH5 to give the pale yellow precipitate which was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. for 2 hr to give the pale yellow solid. The solid was recrystallized (CHCl₃-MeOH) and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. to provide 52 mg of 37 as a pale yellow solid. (Yield 41%)

37: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.26 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 6H), 1.28-1.46 (m, 4H), 1.60-1.76 (m, 4H), 1.78-1.93 (m, 4H), 2.13-2.56 (m, 10H), 2.77-3.12 (m, 3H), 4.25 (brs, 2H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 6.19 (m, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (td, J=1.5 Hz, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (dd, J=1.8 Hz, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H)ppm; LC/MS: m/z=521.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 520).

Example 16 Synthesis of [4-((1R,5S,7S)-(1S,6R,8R)-9-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-3-oxa-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-methoxyimino-acetic acid (50) (Compound J2b) according to Scheme D [4-((1R,5S,7S)-(1S,6R,8R)-9-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-3-oxa-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]acetic acid ethyl ester (d6)

To a solution of c1 (578 mg, 1.64 mmol) in ethanol (6 mL) was added oxalacetic acid diethyl ester sodium salt (977 mg, 4.41 mmol) and acetic acid (0.505 mL, 8.83 mmol) at temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 8 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, then extracted with CHCl₃ (2×30 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The resulting brown solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 45 g, AcOEt/n-hexane=1/3˜1/0) to provide 385 mg of compound d6 as a light brown solid. (Yield 49%)

d6: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.23-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.28 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.42-1.88 (m, 12H), 2.08-2.32 (m, 4H), 2.35-2.60 (m, 2H), 3.14 (m, 1H), 3.33 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 3.74-3.84 (m, 2H), 3.94 (s, 2H), 4.22 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.94 (m, 1H), 7.30 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (td, J=1.2 Hz, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (dd, J=1.2 Hz, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (brs, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=494.3[M+H]⁺ (Calc: 493).

[4-((1R,5S,7S)-(1S,6R,8R)-9-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-3-oxa-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-hydroxyimino-acetic acid ethyl ester (d7)

To a solution of d6 (320 mg, 0.785 mmol) in AcOH—H₂O (1:1, 4 mL) was added NaNO₂ (179 mg, 2.59 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (15 mL), and the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with H₂O. It was dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. for 5 hr to provide 337 mg of d7. (Yield 99%)

d7: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, d6-DMSO-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 120-1.35 (m, 3H), 1.40-2.25 (m, 14H), 2.26-2.66 (m, 5H), 2.90-3.16 (m, 2H), 3.55 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.76 (m, 2H), 3.94-4.48 (m, 6H), 6.09 (m, 1H), 7.45 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (m, 1.0 Hz), 8.25 (m, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=523.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 522).

[4-((1R,5S,7S)-(1S,6R,8R)-9-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-3-oxa-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-methoxyimino-acetic acid ethyl ester (d8)

To a solution of d7 (331 mg, 0.633 mmol) in DMF (2.5 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (175 mg, 1.267 mmol) and methyl iodide (0.040 mL, 0.633 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at temperature of about 25° C. for 23 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (15 mL), and the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with H₂O. The light brown precipitate was chromatographed (silica-gel 30 g, CHCl₃ only) to provide 154 mg of compound d8 as a light brown solid. (Yield 45%)

d8: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.22-2.00 (m, 14H), 2.25-2.72 (m, 10H), 3.40 (m, 1H), 3.66-4.20 (m, 7.5H), 4.32-4.45 (m, 2H), 4.96 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 0.5H), 6.33 (m, 1H), 7.32-8.66 (m, 4H); LC/MS: m/z=537.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 536).

[4-((1R,5S,7S)-(1S,6R,8R)-9-bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-yl-3-oxa-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-7-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-methoxyimino-acetic acid (50) (Compound J2b)

To a solution of d8 (149 mg, 0.278 mmol) in MeOH (3 mL) was added 2N aqueous NaOH (0.416 mL, 0.833 mmol) at temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at temperature of about 25° C. for 19 hr. The reaction mixture was neutralized by 2N aqueous HCl (0.416 mL) and adjusted to a pH within the range of from about pH4 to about pH5 to give the pale yellow precipitate which was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. for 14 hr to provide 65 mg of 50 as a pale yellow solid. (Yield 46%)

50: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.25-2.00 (m, 12H), 2.35-2.75 (m, 7H), 3.35 (t, J=12.0 Hz, 2H), 3.70-4.16 (m, 5.5H), 4.19 (s, 3H), 4.94 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 0.5H), 6.32 (m, 1H), 7.35-8.66 (m, 4H)ppm; LC/MS: m/z=509.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 508).

Example 17 Synthesis of 2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-(ethoxyimino)acetic acid (32) (Compound H3b) according to Scheme D ethyl 2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)acetate (d10)

To a solution of c14 (1.0 g, 2.72 mmol) in toluene (20 mL) were added oxalacetic acid diethyl ester sodium salt (1.14 g, 5.44 mmol) and acetic acid (0.545 mL, 9.52 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 7 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and then extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting crude product was chromatographed (silica-gel 24 g, MeOH/CHCl₃=0/100˜1/19) to provide 1.16 g of d10 as a yellow solid. (Yield 87%)

d10: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.17-2.09 (m, 19H), 2.20-2.61 (m, 8H), 2.71-3.50 (m, 3H), 4.17-4.28 (m, 6H), 5.79-5.82 (m, 1H), 6.94-7.84 (m, 4H).

ethyl 2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetate (d11)

To a solution of d10 (1.10 g, 2.24 mmol) in AcOH—H₂O (1/1, 11 mL) was added NaNO₂ (617 mg, 8.95 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 3 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and then extracted with CHCl₃/MeOH (9/1) (2×100 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The resulting crude product was chromatographed (amino-silica-gel 40 g, MeOH/CHCl₃=2/1007/100) to provide 770 mg of d11 as a yellow solid. (Yield 66%)

d11: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6-DCl) δ: 1.02-1.91 (m, 17H), 1.98-2.25 (m, 7H), 3.01-3.43 (m, 9H), 4.23 (q, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.92-5.12 (m, 1H), 5.74 (m, 1H), 7.43 (q, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.71-7.76 (m, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=521.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 520).

ethyl 2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-(ethoxyimino)acetate (d12)

To a solution of d11 (350 mg, 0.672 mmol) in DMF (5.3 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (186 mg, 1.344 mmol) and iodoethane (157 mg, 1.008 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (30 mL) and then extracted with AcOEt (2×30 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O, saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting crude product was chromatographed (silica-gel 12 g, MeOH/CHCl₃=1/100˜1/4) to provide 170 mg of d12 as a white amorphous solid. (Yield 46%)

d12: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.15-1.35 (m, 12H), 1.45-1.86 (m, 13H), 1.96-2.06 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.40 (m, 3H), 2.67-2.71 (m, 2H), 3.08-3.12 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.55 (m, 2H), 4.35-4.39 (m, 4H), 5.10-5.17 (m, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.91 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H).

2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-(ethoxyimino)acetic acid (32) (Compound H3b)

To a solution of d12 (160 mg, 0.292 mmol) in EtOH (0.8 mL) and THF (1.6 mL) was added 2N aqueous NaOH (0.437 mL, 0.875 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1 hr. After evaporation, the crude product was neutralized by 2N aqueous HCl and adjusted to pH4 to give the white precipitate, which was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O, and dried under reduced pressure to provide 130 mg of 32 as a white solid. (Yield 86%)

32: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6-DCl) δ: 1.16 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.37-1.97 (m, 18H), 2.26-2.36 (m, 8H), 2.72-2.78 (m, 2H), 3.70-3.78 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.18 (m, 2H), 6.12-6.25 (m, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H). ppm; LC/MS: m/z=521.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 520).

Example 18 Synthesis of 2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-(isopropoxyimino)acetic acid (33) (Compound H4b) according to Scheme D ethyl 2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-(isopropoxyimino)acetate) (d13)

To a solution of d11 (330 mg, 0.634 mmol) in DMF (4.5 mL) were added K₂CO₃ (175 mg, 1.268 mmol) and 2-iodopropane (162 mg, 0.951 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1.5 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (20 mL) and then extracted with AcOEt (2×30 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with H₂O, saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. The resulting crude product was chromatographed (silica-gel 12 g, MeOH/CHCl₃=1/100˜3/20) to provide 190 mg of d13 as a white amorphous solid. (Yield 53%)

d13: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.20-1.32 (m, 14H), 1.46-2.06 (m, 16H), 2.32-2.41 (m, 3H), 2.68-2.72 (m, 2H), 3.06-3.13 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.55 (m, 2H), 4.36 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.61-4.70 (m, 1H), 5.05-5.09 (m, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.57-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.90 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H).

2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-(isopropoxyimino)acetic acid (33) (Compound H4b)

To a solution of d13 (150 mg, 0.267 mmol) in EtOH (0.75 mL) and THF (1.5 mL) was added 2N aqueous NaOH (0.400 mL, 0.800 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 45 min. After evaporation, the crude product was neutralized by 2N aqueous HCl and adjusted to pH4 to give the white precipitate which was collected by filtration, washed with H₂O and dried under reduced pressure to provide 110 mg of 33 as a white solid. (Yield 77%)

33: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6-DCl) δ: 1.17-1.20 (m, 6H), 1.60-1.80 (m, 18H), 2.23-2.29 (m, 6H), 2.73-2.77 (m, 2H), 3.70-3.74 (m, 1H), 4.15-4.19 (m, 3H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=535.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 534).

Example 19 Synthesis of (Z)-2-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetic acid (20) (Compound G2b) according to Scheme D ethyl-2-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)acetate (d15)

To a solution of c6 (700 mg, 1.980 mmol) in toluene (14 mL) was added AcOH (0.249 mL, 4.36 mmol) and diethyl oxalacetate sodium salt (499 mg, 2.376 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 2.5 hr. After cooling to a temperature of about 25° C. and concentration, the resulting oil was chromatographed (ISCO, 80 g, CHCl₃/10% NH₃ in MeOH=99/1˜95/5) to provide 806 mg of d15 as a brown amorphous solid. (Yield 85.2%)

d15: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.24-1.46 (m, 6H), 1.59-1.77 (m, 10H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 2.07-2.31 (m, 8H), 2.60 (s, 2H), 3.93 (s, 2H), 4.21 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 4H), 5.74 (s, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (s, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=493.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 492.61).

(Z)-ethyl-2-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetate (d16)

To a solution of d15 (594 mg, 1.244 mmol) in H₂O (3 mL) and AcOH (3 mL, 52.5 mmol) was added NaNO₂ (172 mg, 2.487 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 2 hr, after which starting material remained, so to the mixture was added additional NaNO₂ (51.5 mg, 0.746 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. and stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1 hr. After quenching with saturated NaHCO₃, the mixture was extracted by CHCl₃/H₂O (100 mL×2), dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The crude was chromatographed (ISCO, 24 g, CHCl₃/10% NH₃ in MeOH=99/2˜9/1) to provide 597 mg of d16 as a pale yellow solid. (Yield 94.8%)

d16: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.20-1.79 (m, 16H), 2.03 (d, J=28.0 Hz, 6H), 2.34-2.49 (m, 6H), 3.78 (s, 2H), 4.33 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.25 (s, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.91 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=507.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 506.64).

(Z)-ethyl-2-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetate (d17)

To a solution of d16 (120 mg, 0.237 mmol) in DMF (2.4 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (131 mg, 0.947 mmol) and iodomethane (0.044 mL, 0.711 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 2 hr. After quenching with saturated NaHCO₃, the mixture was extracted by CHCl₃/H₂O (50 mL×2), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The resulting crude was chromatographed (ISCO, 12 g, CHCl₃/10% NH₃ in MeOH=99/1˜95/5) to provide 54 mg of d17 as a colorless solid (Yield 43.8%)

d17: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.29-2.40 (m, 28H), 3.69 (s, 2H), 4.08 (s, 3H), 4.35 (dd, J=13.6, 6.4 Hz, 2H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.57 (s, 2H), 7.89 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=521.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 520.66).

(Z)-2-(4-((1R,3R)-8-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetic acid (20) (Compound G2b)

To a solution of d17 (54 mg, 0.104 mmol) in ethanol (0.5 mL) and THF (1 mL) was added NaOH (0.052 mL, 0.104 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1 hr. After concentration, to a mixture was added ice-water (1 mL), then neutralized by 2N HCl and adjusted to a pH within the range of from about pH4 to about pH5 to provide a white precipitate which was collected by filtration, washed with water, and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. for 16 hr to provide 40 mg of 20 as a colorless solid. (Yield 78.3%)

20: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.29-1.43 (m, 4H), 1.70 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 4H), 1.87 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 4H), 2.26 (dq, J=22.7, 5.4 Hz, 4H), 2.45 (dt, J=27.8, 9.4 Hz, 6H), 2.88 (dt, J=17.0, 6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.04 (t, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (s, 3H), 4.27 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 6.07-6.19 (m, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=493.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 492.61).

Example 20 Synthesis of (Z)-2-(2-amino-2-oxoethoxyimino)-2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)acetic acid (38) (Compound R1a) according to Scheme D (Z)-ethyl-2-(2-amino-2-oxoethoxyimino)-2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)acetate (d19)

To a solution of d18 (100 mg, 0.197 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added 2-bromoacetamide (54.5 mg, 0.395 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (82 mg, 0.592 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2.5 hr. After quenching with ice-water and saturated NaHCO₃ (1 mL), a pale brown precipitate formed. After filtration and washing with water, the resulting pale brown solid was dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. for 16 hr to provide 100 mg of d19 as a pale brown solid. (Yield 89.9%)

d19: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.08 (d, J=14.3 Hz, 2H), 1.35-2.03 (m, 25H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 4.40 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 5.51 (s, 1H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=564.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 563.69).

(Z)-2-(2-amino-2-oxoethoxyimino)-2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)acetic acid (38) (Compound R1a)

To a solution of d19 (98 mg, 0.174 mmol) in ethanol (1 mL) and THF (2 mL) was added 2N NaOH (0.087 mL, 0.174 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1.5 hr. After concentration, to a mixture was added ice-water (1 mL), then 2N HCl and adjusted to a pH within the range of from about pH3 to about pH4 to provide a sticky oil which was extracted by CHCl₃/H₂O (30 mL×2), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated to provide a yellow oil which was triturated by AcOEt/Et₂O=1/1 to provide a white precipitate which was collected by filtration to provide 61 mg of 38 as a pale yellow solid. (Yield 65.5%)

38: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.40 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (ddd, J=56.8, 30.2, 10.9 Hz, 10H), 2.01 (tt, J=16.2, 4.4 Hz, 4H), 2.24 (s, 2H), 2.46-2.76 (m, 5H), 2.94 (t, J=13.1 Hz, 2H), 4.19-4.26 (m, 1H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 6.26-6.39 (m, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.80-7.90 (m, 2H), 8.68 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=536.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 535.63).

Example 21 Synthesis of (Z)-2-(2-amino-2-oxoethoxyimino)-2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)acetic acid (45) (Compound T1b) according to Scheme D ethyl-2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)acetate (d21)

d21 was prepared from c14 by the same procedure as for the synthesis of d15. (Yield; 1310 mg, 97.9%)

d21: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, (CDCl₃) δ: 1.21-2.82 (m, 31H), 3.85 (s, 1H), 3.93 (s, 2H), 4.22 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.82 (m, 4H); LC/MS: m/z=492.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 491.66).

(Z)-ethyl-2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetate (d22)

d22 was prepared from d21 by the same procedure as for the synthesis of d16. (Yield; 1250 mg, 90%)

d22: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.19-2.86 (m, 28H), 3.73 (s, 1H), 4.10 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 2H), 4.33 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.53 (s, 1H), 7.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=521.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 520.66).

(Z)-ethyl-2-(2-amino-2-oxoethoxyimino)-2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)acetate (d23)

d23 was prepared from d22 by the same procedure as for the synthesis of d19. (Yield; 189 mg, 100%)

d23: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.13-1.83 (m, 23H), 2.04 (dt, J=18.3, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.63 (t, J=11.8 Hz, 2H), 3.09 (t, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (d, J=10.9 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.96 (s, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=578.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 577.71).

(Z)-2-(2-amino-2-oxoethoxyimino)-2-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)acetic acid (45) (Compound T1b)

45 was prepared from d23 by the same procedure as for the synthesis of 38. (Yield; 136 mg, 75.6%)

45: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.32-1.51 (m, 4H), 1.64-2.04 (m, 15H), 2.49 (dt, J=31.1, 10.8 Hz, 6H), 2.70 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 1H), 2.96 (dt, J=25.4, 9.4 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (t, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 2H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 6.31-6.47 (m, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (s, 2H), 7.87 (dt, J=20.6, 8.8 Hz, 2H), 8.73 (t, J=10.5 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=550.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 549.66).

Example 22 Synthesis of 4-[4-((1R,3R)—(S)-9-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-4-methoxyimino-butyric acid (4) (Compound L1a) according to Scheme D [4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-acetic acid methyl ester (d24)

To a solution of c19 (1 g, 2.83 mmol) in toluene (20 mL) was added dimethyl 2-hydroxyfumarate (543 mg, 3.39 mmol) and AcOH (0.194 mL, 3.39 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 3 hr. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting brown amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=99/1˜19/1) to provide a brown amorphous solid. This amorphous solid was chromatographed (amino silica-gel 15 g, hexane/AcOEt=3/1) to provide 519.6 mg of d24 as a yellow solid. (Yield 40%)

d24: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.33-3.11 (m, 26H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 4.04-4.16 (m, 2H), 4.16-4.31 (m, 1H), 5.97-6.15 (m, 0.3H), 6.23-6.40 (m, 0.7H), 7.01 (d, J=7.73 Hz, 0.3H), 7.14 (t, J=7.05 Hz, 0.3H), 7.25 (t, J=6.54 Hz, 0.3H), 7.38 (t, J=7.56 Hz, 0.7H), 7.75 (t, J=7.82 Hz, 0.7H), 7.85 (d, J=7.55 Hz, 0.7H), 8.39 (d, J=8.73 Hz, 0.3H), 8.68 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 0.7H); LC/MS: m/z=464.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 463).

[4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-hydroxyimino-acetic acid methyl ester (d25)

To a solution of d24 (333.9 mg, 0.720 mmol) in AcOH-water(1:1) (3.34 mL) was added sodium nitrite (199 mg, 2.88 mmol) at 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was basified with aqueous NaHCO₃, then extracted with CHCl₃ (x2). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting yellow amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=4/13/7) to provide 331.0 mg of d25 as a yellow solid. (Yield 93%)

d25: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.30-3.03 (m, 25H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 4.03-4.12 (m, 2H), 4.12-4.28 (m, 1H), 6.15-6.40 (m, 1H), 7.37 (t, J=7.56 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (td, J=8.01, 1.68 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (dd, J=8.08, 1.52 Hz, 1H), 8.65 (d, J=8.54 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=493.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 492).

(2-Acetoxy-ethoxyimino)-[4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-acetic acid methyl ester (d26)

To a suspension of d25 (331.0 mg, 0.672 mmol) in MeCN-DMF(2:1) (15 mL) was added 2-bromoethyl acetate (0.156 mL, 1.344 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (279 mg, 2.016 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 6 hr and 60° C. for 3 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water-saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (1:1), then extracted with AcOEt-CHCl₃ (4:1) (x2). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting yellow amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, v/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=100/0˜17/3) to provide 258.2 mg of d26 as a yellow solid. (Yield 66%)

d26: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.28-3.05 (m, 27H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 4.02-4.13 (m, 2H), 4.13-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.26-4.31 (m, 2H), 4.47-4.53 (m, 2H), 6.37-6.54 (m, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.53 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (td, J=7.93, 1.37 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (dd, J=7.93, 1.51 Hz, 1H), 8.78 (d, J=8.69 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=579.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 578).

[4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-(2-hydroxy-ethoxyimino)-acetic acid methyl ester (4) (Compound L1a)

To a solution of d26 (258.2 mg, 0.446 mmol) in THF-MeOH(2:1) (7.5 mL) was added 2 mol/mL aqueous NaOH (1.339 mL, 2.68 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1.5 hr. The reaction mixture was acidified with 2 mol/mL aqueous HCl (2.0 mL), diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. The resulting off-white solid was triturated with MeOH-water(1:1) (8 mL) and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. to provide 189.2 mg of 4 as a white solid. (Yield 81%)

4: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.28-2.98 (m, 26H), 3.80-3.86 (m, 2H), 4.03-4.13 (m, 2H), 4.13-4.28 (m, 1H), 4.35-4.41 (m, 2H), 6.29-6.46 (m, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.54 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (t, J=7.86 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=7.78 Hz, 1H), 8.72 (d, J=8.69 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=523.2 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 522).

Example 23 Synthesis of [4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-diethylcarbamoylmethoxyimino-acetic acid (5) (Compound R6a) according to Scheme D

To a solution of d25 (100 mg, 0.197 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (82 mg, 0.592 mmol) and 2-chloro-N,N-diethylacetamide (0.054 mL, 0.395 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water-saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (1:1), then extracted with AcOEt-CHCl₃ (5:2) (x2). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide a yellow solid. To a solution of this solid in THF-EtOH (2:1) (1.5 mL) was added 2 mol/mL aqueous NaOH (0.296 mL, 0.592 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1.5 hr. The reaction mixture was acidified with 2 mol/mL aqueous HCl (0.45 mL), diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and then extracted with CHCl₃ (x2). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting yellow amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=4/12/3) to provide a white solid. The solid was triturated with MeOH and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. to provide 89.3 mg 5 as a white solid. (Yield 77%)

5: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.08-1.18 (m, 6H), 1.28-3.04 (m, 25H), 3.25 (q, J=7.12 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (q, J=6.86 Hz, 2H), 4.02-4.13 (m, 2H), 4.13-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 6.21-6.40 (m, 1H), 7.37 (t, J=7.63 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (td, J=8.01, 1.31 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (dd, J=7.93, 1.51 Hz, 1H), 8.66 (d, J=8.39 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=592.45 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 591).

Example 24 Synthesis of [4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-diethylcarbamoylmethoxyimino-acetic acid (6) (Compound B2a) according to Scheme D [4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-acetic acid ethyl ester (d27)

To a solution of c19 (100 mg, 0.197 mmol) and (Z)-1,4-diethoxy-1,4-dioxobut-2-en-2-olate (1783 mg, 8.49 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) was added AcOH (0.971 mL, 16.97 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 7 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with 5% aqueous NaHCO₃ and then extracted with CHCl₃ (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting brown amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 45 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=99/1˜19/1) to provide a brown amorphous solid. This brown amorphous solid was chromatographed again (amino silica-gel 30 g, hexane/AcOEt=3/1˜1/1) to provide 759.1 mg of d27 as a yellow solid. (Yield 56%)

d27: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.29-3.12 (m, 29H), 4.05-4.16 (m, 2H), 4.16-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.22 (q, J=6.70 Hz, 2H), 5.98-6.15 (m, 0.3H), 6.24-6.41 (m, 0.7H), 7.02 (d, J=7.71 Hz, 0.3H), 7.14 (t, J=7.01 Hz, 0.3H), 7.24 (t, J=6.52 Hz, 0.3H), 7.39 (t, J=7.55 Hz, 0.7H), 7.78 (t, J=7.82 Hz, 0.7H), 7.86 (d, J=7.55 Hz, 0.7H), 8.40 (d, J=8.72 Hz, 0.3H), 8.68 (d, J=8.57 Hz, 0.7H); LC/MS: m/z=478.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 477).

[4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-hydroxyimino-acetic acid ethyl ester (d18)

To a solution of d27 (759 mg, 1.589 mmol) in AcOH-water(1:1) (7.6 mL) was added sodium nitrite (439 mg, 6.36 mmol) at 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 2 hr. To the reaction mixture was added additional sodium nitrite (219 mg, 3.18 mmol) at 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and then filtered to provide a white solid. The resulting solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 30 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=4/1) to provide 632.2 mg of d18 as a yellow solid. (Yield 79%)

d18: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.29 (t, J=7.09 Hz, 3H), 1.23-3.02 (m, 25H), 4.01-4.13 (m, 2H), 4.13-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.33 (q, J=7.12 Hz, 1H), 6.19-6.38 (m, 1H), 7.37 (t, J=7.47 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (td, J=7.91, 1.39 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (dd, J=7.93, 1.33 Hz, 1H), 8.66 (d, J=8.63 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=507.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 506).

[4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-methoxyimino-acetic acid (6) (Compound B2a)

To a solution of d18 (100 mg, 0.197 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (82 mg, 0.592 mmol) and MeI (0.049 mL, 0.790 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water-saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (1:1) and then extracted with AcOEt-CHCl₃ (5:1) (x2). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide a yellow amorphous solid. To a solution of this amorphous solid in THF-EtOH (2:1) (1.5 mL) was added 2 mol/mL aqueous NaOH (0.296 mL, 0.592 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1.5 hr. The reaction mixture was acidified with 2 mol/mL aqueous HCl (0.45 mL), diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and then extracted with CHCl₃ (x2). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting yellow amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=4/1˜3/7) to provide a white solid. The solid was triturated with MeOH and dried under reduced pressure at 60° C. to provide 46.2 mg of 6 as a white solid. (Yield 48%)

6: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.35-3.06 (m, 25H), 4.01-4.13 (m, 2H), 4.08 (s, 3H), 4.13-4.29 (m, 1H), 6.21-6.40 (m, 1H), 7.38 (td, J=7.91, 1.45 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (dd, J=7.93, 1.44 Hz, 1H), 8.66 (d, J=8.70 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=493.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 492).

Example 25 Synthesis of ({[4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-carbamoyl-methylene}-amino)-acetic acid (40) (Compound P1a) according to Scheme D [4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-tert-butoxycarbonylmethylimino-acetic acid ethyl ester (d28)

To a solution of d18 (500 mg, 0.987 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate (0.291 mL, 1.974 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (409 mg, 2.96 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with 5% aqueous citric acid-saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (1:1), then extracted with AcOEt-CHCl₃ (5:2) (x2). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide a yellow amorphous solid. The resulting yellow amorphous solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=100/0˜17/3) to provide 653.6 mg of d28 as a pale yellow solid. (Yield>99%)

d28: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.32 (t, J=7.06 Hz, 3H), 1.36-3.10 (m, 33H), 4.05-4.15 (m, 2H), 4.15-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.36 (q, J=7.11 Hz, 2H), 4.72 (s, 2H), 6.22-6.38 (m, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=7.63 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (t, J=7.80 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.04 Hz, 1H), 8.65 (d, J=8.63 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=621.45 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 620).

({[4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-carbamoyl-methylene}-amino)-acetic acid tert-butyl ester (d29)

To a solution of d28 (100 mg, 0.161 mmol) in THF-EtOH (1:1) (12 mL) was added 28% aqueous NH₃ (12 mL) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 18 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and then extracted with CHCl₃-THF(4:1) (x3). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide a yellow solid. The resulting yellow solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=100/0˜5/1) to provide 74.3 mg of d29 as a pale yellow solid. (Yield 78%)

d29: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.46-3.11 (m, 35H), 4.03-4.15 (m, 2H), 4.15-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.65 (s, 2H), 6.21-6.39 (m, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.64 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (t, J=8.14 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=7.89 Hz, 1H), 8.66 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=592.45 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 591).

({[4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-Bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-carbamoyl-methylene}-amino)-acetic acid (40) (Compound P1a)

To d29 (73 mg, 0.123 mmol) was added TFA (1.4 mL, 18.17 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 30 min.

The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a yellow solid. The resulting yellow solid was chromatographed (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl₃/MeOH (10% concentrated NH₄OH)=4/1˜3/7) to provide a yellow solid. The solid was triturated with CHCl₃-Et₂O (1:8) and dried under reduced pressure at 50° C. to provide 60.3 mg of 40 as a white solid. (Yield 91%)

40: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.13-3.02 (m, 27H), 3.98-4.13 (m, 2H), 4.14-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 6.24-6.42 (m, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.62 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (t, J=7.93 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=7.93 Hz, 1H), 8.69 (d, J=8.69 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=536.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 535).

Example 26 Synthesis of ({[4-((1R,3R,7S)-9-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl-9-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinoxalin-2-yl]-methylcarbamoyl-methylene}-amino)-acetic acid (43) (Compound P2a) according to Scheme D

To a solution of d28 (244 mg, 0.393 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2.4 mL) was added TFA (2.4 mL, 31.2 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 15 min. The reaction mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure to provide an orange oil. The resulting oil was diluted with 5% aqueous NaHCO₃, then extracted with CHCl₃ (x2). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide a yellow amorphous solid. To a solution of this amorphous solid in THF-EtOH (1:1) (10 mL) was added 50% aqueous methylamine (10 mL) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 15 min. and diluted with MeOH (4 mL) to provide a white suspension. The solid was filtered and dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. to provide 159.0 mg of 43 as a white solid. (Yield 74%)

43: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.36-3.12 (m, 26H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 4.06-4.18 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 6.36-6.57 (m, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=7.66 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (t, J=7.71 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.06 Hz, 1H), 8.81 (d, J=8.90 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=550.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 549).

Example 27 Synthesis of 2-((((4-((1R,1′R,3r,3′R,5S,5′S)-[3,9′-bi(9′-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)(cyano)methylene)amino)oxy)acetic acid (65) (Compound Z93a) according to Scheme D

To a suspension of compound d29 (100 mg, 0.169 mmol) in Pyridine (500 μl, 6.18 mmol) was added trifluoroacetic acid anhydride (35.7 μl, 0.253 mmol) at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to afford d30. To a solution of d30 in CH₂Cl₂ (1 ml) was added TFA (1 ml, 12.98 mmol). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting oil was purified by column chromatography (silica-gel 15 g, CHCl3/10% concNH₄OH-MeOH=4/1˜3/7). The obtained solid was triturated with MeOH and dried under reduced pressure at 40 deg to give 65 (yield; 73.6 mg, 84%).

65: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3-CD3OD-DCl) δ: 1.29-3.13 (m, 25H), 4.04-4.16 (m, 2H), 4.16-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 6.38-6.56 (m, 1H), 7.49 (t, J=7.39 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (t, J=8.09 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H), 8.83 (d, J=8.85 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=518.35 [M+H]⁺.

Example 28 Synthesis of 2-((E)-1-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)ethylideneaminooxy)acetic acid (24) (Compound X1b) according to Scheme E 4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2-carboxamide (e2)

Compound e1 was synthesized in a manner similar to the procedures described in WO2009/027820 (see, for example, Schemes F, I, N and O and Examples 12, 13, and 21) or WO2010/010458 (see, for example, Schemes F, I, O and P and Examples 1-5).

To a solution of e1 (771 mg, 1.715 mmol), which can be prepared also according to Scheme E or N (e.g., by hydrolysis of E2 to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid), in THF (22 mL) was added 4-methylmorpholine (0.207 mL, 1.886 mmol) and isobutyl chloroformate (0.667 mL, 5.14 mmol) at 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min, and then it was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 2 hr. To the mixture was added triethylamine (0.789 mL, 5.66 mmol), 4-methylmorpholine (0.377 mL, 3.43 mmol) and N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (502 mg, 5.14 mmol) at 0° C. and stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 3.5 hr. After quenching with water, the mixture was extracted by CHCl₃/H₂O (80 mL×2), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The resulting crude was chromatographed (ISCO, 40 g, CHCl₃/10% NH₃ in MeOH=99/1˜95/5) to provide 693 mg of e2 as a colorless amorphous solid. (Yield 82%)

e2: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.16 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 2H), 1.30 (dd, J=12.0, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 1.48-1.84 (m, 14H), 1.99 (dd, J=17.8, 12.0 Hz, 2H), 2.27 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 2H), 2.73 (t, J=11.8 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (t, J=13.3 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (s, 3H), 3.52 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 5.12 (br, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=493.5 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 492.65).

3-acetyl-1-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one (e3)

To a solution of e2 (347 mg, 0.704 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added methylmagnesium bromide (0.423 mL, 1.268 mmol) at −40° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at −40-−20° C. for 1.5 hr. After quenching with water and adjusting to a pH within the range of from about pH6 to about pH7 by 2N HCl, the mixture was extracted by CHCl₃/H₂O (70 mL×2), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The resulting yellow oil was chromatographed (ISCO, 12 g, CHCl₃/NH₃ in MeOH=99/1˜95/5) to provide 274 mg of e3 as an orange solid. (Yield 86.4%)

e3: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 1.35-2.04 (m, 18H), 2.52 (d, J=29.3 Hz, 3H), 2.69 (dd, J=9.8, 2.6 Hz, 6H), 2.7-3.09 (m, 4H), 3.94 (s, 1H), 4.17 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 2H), 6.36 (s, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (t, J=11.6 Hz, 2H), 8.82 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=448.2 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 447.61).

2-((E)-1-(4-((1R,3R)-9-(bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)ethylideneaminooxy)acetic acid (24) (Compound X1b)

To a solution of e3 (130 mg, 0.290 mmol) in ethanol (4 mL) was added (aminooxy)acetic acid hemihydrochloride (57.1 mg, 0.523 mmol), AcONa (23.83 mg, 0.290 mmol) and AcOH (0.017 mL, 0.290 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1 hr. After concentration, the mixture was extracted by CHCl₃/H₂O (50 mL×2), dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The resulting oil was chromatographed (ISCO, 12 g, CHCl₃/10% NH₃ in MeOH=95/5˜85/15) to provide a pale yellow oil which was triturated by Et₂O, sonicated, filtrated and washed with Et₂O, dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. for 16 hr to provide 48 mg of 24 as a pale yellow solid. (Yield 31.7%)

24: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.42 (tt, J=18.0, 6.5 Hz, 4H), 1.87 (ddd, J=62.7, 35.8, 17.2 Hz, 14H), 2.38-2.52 (m, 9H), 2.85 (t, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (t, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.48 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 0H), 3.86 (dd, J=12.4, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 4.83 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 2H), 6.25 (ddd, J=22.9, 11.0, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.73-7.79 (m, 1H), 7.88 (dd, J=8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=521.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 520.66).

Example 29 Synthesis of 2-((E)-1-(4-((1R,3S,5S)-9-(2-((1S,2S,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-yl)ethyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)ethylideneaminooxy)acetic acid (8) (Compound V9a) according to Scheme E 4-((1R,3 S,5 S)-9-(2-((1 S,2S,5 S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-yl)ethyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-N-methoxy-N-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2-carboxamide (e5)

To a suspension of e4 (2.7 g, 5.82 mmol), which can be prepared according to Scheme E (e.g., by hydrolysis of E2), in THF (50 mL) was added 4-methylmorpholine (0.640 mL, 5.82 mmol) and isobutyl chloroformate (2.266 mL, 17.47 mmol) at 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 5 min., and then it was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 2 h. To the mixture was added 4-methylmorpholine (1.281 mL, 11.65 mmol), triethylamine (2.68 mL, 19.22 mmol), and N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.704 g, 17.47 mmol) at 0° C. and stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 3.5 h. After quenching with water, the mixture was extracted by CHCl₃/H₂O (150 mL×2), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. To the amorphous solid was added Et20 and the suspension was triturated. The resulting solid was collected by filtration to provide 2.00 g of e5 as a pale yellow solid. (Yield 68%)

e5: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.86-0.97 (m, 2H), 1.06 (br, 5H), 1.21 (s, 3H), 1.55 (m, 3H), 1.81-2.18 (m, 10H), 2.32-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.59-2.85 (m, 4H), 3.19 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 2H), 3.42 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 5.21 (s, 1H), 7.35 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.89 (dd, J=9.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=507.4 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 506.33).

3-acetyl-1-((1R,3S,5S)-9-(2-((1S,2S,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-yl)ethyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one (e6)

To a solution of e5 (300 mg, 0.592 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added methylmagnesium bromide (0.237 mL, 0.711 mmol) at −20° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 1.5 h. After quenching with water and adjusting to pH4 by 2N aqueous HCl, the mixture was extracted by CHCl₃/H₂O (60 mL×2), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. The resulting yellow amorphous solid was chromatographed (ISCO, 12 g, CHCl₃/NH₃ in MeOH=99/1˜97/3) to provide 158 mg of e6 as a yellow solid. (Yield 56%)

e6: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 0.91 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.09 (s, 3H), 1.22 (s, 3H), 1.52-2.15 (m, 15H), 2.32-2.55 (m, 3H), 2.68-2.88 (m, 3H), 2.97-3.12 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.26 (m, 2H), 3.81 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 2H), 6.16 (s, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (dt, J=11.1, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (dd, J=8.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=462.35 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 461.30).

2-((E)-1-(4-((1R,3 S,5 S)-9-(2-((1 S,2S,5 S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-yl)ethyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)ethylideneaminooxy)acetic acid (8) (Compound V9a)

To a solution of 2 (125 mg, 0.271 mmol) in ethanol (2.5 mL) was added (aminooxy)acetic acid hemihydrochloride (59.2 mg, 0.542 mmol) and AcONa (66.6 mg, 0.812 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 1 h. After quenching with water, the mixture was extracted by CHCl₃/H₂O (60 mL×2), dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated. The resulting oil was chromatographed (Fuji Silysia, CHCl₃/10% NH₃ in MeOH=98/2˜50/50) to provide a colorless solid which was triturated by H₂O/MeCN, sonicated, filtrated and washed with H₂O, dried under reduced pressure at 80° C. for 8 h. to provide 94.3 mg of 8 as a white solid. (Yield 65%)

8: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 0.91 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 1.09 (s, 3H), 1.22 (s, 3H), 1.52-2.14 (m, 15H), 2.32-2.53 (m, 6H), 2.65-2.86 (m, 1H), 3.01 (t, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.20 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (s, 2H), 3.82 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 2H), 4.82 (s, 1.75H), 4.85 (s, 0.25H), 6.07-6.20 (m, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (dt, J=11.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (dd, J=8.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=535.40 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 534.32).

Example 30 Synthesis of 4-((1R,1′R,3r,3′S,5S,5′S)-[3,9′-bi(9′-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-yl)-N′-hydroxy-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2-carboximidamide (1) (Compound Z74a) according to Scheme N 4-((1R,1′R,3r,3′S,5S,5′S)-[3,9′-bi(9′-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2-carbonitrile (n2)

4-((1R,1′R,3r,3′S,5S,5′S)-[3,9′-bi(9′-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-yl)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (n1) was synthesized in a manner similar to the procedures described in WO2009/027820 (see, for example, Schemes F, I, N and O and Examples 12, 13, and 21) or WO2010/010458 (see, for example, Schemes F, I, O and P and Examples 1-5).

To a well stirred mixture of n1 (1.0 g, 2.30 mmole), which can be prepared also according to Scheme E or N (e.g., by hydrolysis of E2 to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid), sodium cyanide (0.113 g, 2.3 mmole), and 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU) (0.524 g, 3.44 mmole) in DMF (20 mL) was added diethylcyanophosphate (0.652 g, 3.44 mmole) and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at ambient for 18 hr., when LC/MS indicated the desired product had formed. The reaction mixture was poured into water (100 mL), extracted 3×50 mL with ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers were dried (magnesium sulfate) and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield the crude material. Purification by chromatography led to isolation of 0.445 g of n2 as an orange solid, which still contained some DMF. This material was carried on without further purification.

4-((1R,1′R,3r,3′S,5S,5′S)-[3,9′-bi(9′-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-yl)-N′-hydroxy-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2-carboximidamide (1) (Compound Z74a)

To a well stirred solution of n2 (0.250 g, 0.60 mmole) in ethanol (6.0 mL) was added hydroxylamine as a 50% w/w solution in water (0.06 g, 0.90 mmole), and the reaction was heated at 90° C. for 18 hr. The reaction mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25° C., and the precipitate which had formed was isolated by vacuum filtration, washed with ether, and allowed to dry to yield 0.180 g (65%) of 1 as a white powder.

1: ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.94 (bm, 1H); 7.82 (bm, 1H); 7.66 (bm, 1H); 7.40 (bm, 1H); 5.25 (s, 1H); 3.85-3.55 (bm, 7H); 2.80 (bm, 2H); 2.50 (bm, 1H); 2.20-1.80 (bm, 8H); 1.80-1.40 (bm 10H); 1.30-1.1-(bm, 2H); LC/MS: m/z=450 [M+H]⁺.

Example 31 Synthesis of Additional Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds

The following compounds were also prepared according to the above Schemes and procedures:

49 (Compound L2a): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.40-2.06 (m, 16H), 2.24 (s, 2H), 2.41-2.64 (m, 4H), 2.77 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (t, J=12.5 Hz, 2H), 3.32 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 3H), 3.66 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 4.08-4.26 (m, 3H), 4.44 (t, J=4.3 Hz, 2H), 6.24 (dt, J=23.4, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=537.4 [M+H]⁺.

62 (Compound AA3b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.19-1.48 (m, 4H), 1.55-1.95 (m, 8H), 2.12-2.35 (m, 4H), 2.37-2.53 (m, 6H), 2.88 (dt, J=18.0, 6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.99-3.08 (m, 1H), 3.32 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 3H), 3.66 (t, J=4.3 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.44 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 6.05-6.18 (m, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=564.4 [M+H]⁺.

46 (Compound AA11b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.34-1.51 (m, 4H), 1.60-2.08 (m, 14H), 2.34-2.56 (m, 6H), 2.69-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.99 (t, J=12.7 Hz, 2H), 3.32 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 3H), 3.66 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 3.74-3.94 (m, 1H), 4.18 (s, 1H), 4.44 (t, J=4.3 Hz, 2H), 6.19-6.32 (m, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 2H), 7.77 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=551.4 [M+H]⁺.

47 (Compound BB109a): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.43 (s, 1H), 1.54-2.10 (m, 21H), 2.24 (s, 2H), 2.46-2.77 (m, 5H), 2.95 (t, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 4.05-4.18 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.36 (m, 1H), 6.27-6.40 (m, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.66 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=592.35 [M+H]⁺.

52 (Compound BB104a): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.45 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.56-2.11 (m, 18H), 2.25 (s, 2H), 2.48-2.76 (m, 5H), 2.95 (dd, J=26.6, 13.7 Hz, 2H), 4.06-4.33 (m, 3H), 4.95 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.35 (ddd, J=27.4, 13.9, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (td, J=9.9, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 8.69 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=550.4 [M+H]⁺.

53 (Compound BB119a): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 0.74 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.34-1.50 (m, 1H), 1.57-2.08 (m, 14H), 2.17-2.29 (m, 4H), 2.40-2.80 (m, 5H), 2.96 (dd, J=26.6, 13.2 Hz, 2H), 4.06-4.28 (m, 3H), 4.75 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.28-6.42 (m, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81-7.92 (m, 2H), 8.70 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=578.4 [M+H]⁺.

61 (Compound BB29b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.23-1.45 (m, 5H), 1.54 (s, 6H), 1.64-1.77 (m, 4H), 1.87 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 4H), 2.24-2.46 (m, 10H), 2.85-3.12 (m, 3H), 4.29 (s, 2H), 6.18-6.31 (m, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=564.4 [M+H]⁺.

60 (Compound S1b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.29-1.43 (m, 4H), 1.70 (d, J=13.0 Hz, 4H), 1.85-1.89 (m, 5H), 2.24-2.45 (m, 10H), 2.80-3.14 (m, 3H), 3.75 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (s, 2H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 6.18-6.30 (m, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (dt, J=35.2, 9.0 Hz, 2H), 8.23 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=536.4 [M+H]⁺.

31 (Compound B4a): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6-DCl) δ: 1.16 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 6H), 1.45-1.67 (m, 14H), 2.01-2.06 (m, 5H), 2.32-2.39 (m, 3H), 2.72-2.76 (m, 2H), 3.92-4.15 (m, 3H), 4.39 (sep, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 6.17-6.19 (m, 1H), 7.44 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=521.4 [M+H]⁺.

17 (Compound H2b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.21-2.82 (m, 25H), 3.63 (s, 1H), 3.76-3.89 (m, 5H), 3.89-4.09 (m, 1H), 5.81 (s, 1H), 7.17 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.65 (m, 2H), 8.16 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=507.0 [M+H]⁺.

30 (Compound B3a): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6-DCl) δ: 1.20 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.54-1.67 (m, 10H), 2.04-2.10 (m, 6H), 2.36-2.46 (m, 6H), 2.75-2.79 (m, 2H), 4.09-4.25 (m, 5H), 6.18-6.24 (m, 1H), 7.49 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.72-7.75 (m, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 8.79 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=507.4 [M+H]⁺.

36 (Compound G3b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3-CD3OD-DCl) δ: 1.23-1.45 (m, 3H), 1.28 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.60-1.94 (m, 7H), 2.12-2.56 (m, 10H), 2.68-3.10 (m, 5H), 4.18-4.28 (m, 2H), 4.37 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.20 (m, 1H), 7.38 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (dd J=1.2 Hz, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=507.4 [M+H]⁺.

19 (Compound AA1b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.28-1.43 (m, 4H), 1.61-1.72 (m, 4H), 1.86 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 4H), 2.20-2.49 (m, 10H), 2.72-3.10 (m, 3H), 3.85 (t, J=4.3 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (s, 2H), 4.39 (t, J=4.3 Hz, 2H), 6.18-6.30 (m, 1H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=523.4 [M+H]⁺.

15 (Compound AA9b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.24-2.81 (m, 26H), 3.60 (dt, J=20.7, 5.4 Hz, 5H), 4.00 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 2H), 5.86 (s, 1H), 7.63 (dd, J=14.9, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 8.16 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=537.0 [M+H]⁺.

64 (Compound R2a): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3-CD3OD-DCl) δ: 1.24-2.13 (m, 14.0H), 2.21-2.30 (m, 2.0H), 2.44-3.01 (m, 8.0H), 2.90 (s, 3.0H), 4.06-4.18 (m, 2.0H), 4.23 (m, 1.0H), 4.77 (s, 2.0H), 6.42 (m, 1.0H), 7.45 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1.0H), 7.80-7.90 (m, 2.0H), 8.77 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1.0H)ppm. LC/MS: m/z=550.5 [M+H]⁺.

63 (Compound R4a): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3-CD3OD-DCl) δ: 1.24-3.06 (m, 30.0H), 4.03-4.33 (m, 3.0H), 4.89 (s, 2.0H), 6.30 (m, 1.0H), 7.39 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 0.7H), 7.48 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 0.3H), 7.74-7.97 (m, 2.0H), 8.56-8.84 (m, 1.0H)ppm; LC/MS: m/z=564.5 [M+1]⁺.

54 (Compound CC54b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3-CD3OD-DCl) δ: 1.34-2.13 (m, 17H), 2.42-3.10 (m, 14H), 3.77-3.94 (m, 1H), 4.11-4.25 (m, 2H), 4.83 (s, 2H), 6.35-6.60 (m, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=7.64 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (t, J=7.80 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=8.05 Hz, 1H), 8.82 (d, J=8.73 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=564.40 [M+H]⁺.

51 (Compound P4a): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3-CD3OD-DCl) δ: 1.33-3.06 (m, 25H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 3.36 (s, 3H), 4.05-4.18 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.83 (s, 2H), 6.40-6.58 (m, 1H), 7.49 (t, J=7.65 Hz, 1H), 7.84-7.97 (m, 2H), 8.85 (d, J=8.78 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=564.40 [M+H]⁺.

55 (Compound CC53b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3-CD3OD-DCl) δ: 1.32-2.14 (m, 17H), 2.44-3.07 (m, 12H), 3.78-3.96 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.26 (m, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 6.35-6.58 (m, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=7.66 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (t, J=7.88 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=7.89 Hz, 1H), 8.80 (d, J=8.76 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=550.40 [M+H]⁺.

66 (Compound CC63b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.33-1.53 (m, 4H), 1.64-2.06 (m, 13H), 2.33-2.80 (m, 7H), 2.95 (t, J=12.7 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 2H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 6.25-6.39 (m, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.80-7.90 (m, 2H), 8.67 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=549.3 [M+H]⁺.

57 (Compound BB90a): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3-CD3OD-DCl) δ: 1.32-3.10 (m, 25H), 1.59 (s, 6H), 4.01-4.18 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.33 (m, 1H), 6.38-6.58 (m, 1H), 7.49 (t, J=7.61 Hz, 1H), 7.79-8.02 (m, 2H), 8.73-8.87 (m, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=564.40 [M+H]⁺.

58 (Compound CC354b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.33-2.21 (m, 15H), 2.43-3.32 (m, 20H), 3.80-3.94 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.29 (m, 2H), 4.68 (s, 1H), 4.91 (s, 1H), 6.25-6.60 (m, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.77 Hz, 0.5H), 7.50 (t, J=7.60 Hz, 0.5H), 7.77-7.96 (m, 2H), 8.71 (d, J=8.90 Hz, 0.5H), 8.83 (d, J=8.56 Hz, 0.5H). LC/MS: m/z=592.45 [M+H]⁺.

44 (Compound P73a): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.33-3.28 (m, 31H), 4.05-4.18 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.33 (m, 1H), 4.65 (s, 1H), 4.89 (s, 1H), 6.20-6.51 (m, 1H), 7.41 (t, J=7.64 Hz, 0.5H), 7.48 (t, J=7.55 Hz, 0.5H), 7.73-7.92 (m, 2H), 8.69 (d, J=8.74 Hz, 0.5H), 8.78 (d, J=8.72 Hz, 0.5H). LC/MS: m/z=564.40 [M+H]⁺.

59 (Compound CC353b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.32-2.11 (m, 15H), 2.37-3.25 (m, 18H), 3.74-3.93 (m, 1H), 4.09-4.21 (m, 2H), 4.62 (s, 1H), 4.85 (s, 1H), 6.19-6.53 (m, 1H), 7.37 (t, J=7.52 Hz, 0.5H), 7.48 (t, J=7.46 Hz, 0.5H), 7.64-7.90 (m, 2H), 8.66 (d, J=8.85 Hz, 0.5H), 8.75 (d, J=8.68 Hz, 0.5H). LC/MS: m/z=578.40 [M+H]⁺.

39 (Compound R73a): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.32-1.49 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.90 (m, 10H), 1.99-2.09 (m, 4H), 2.14-2.20 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.41-2.82 (m, 7H), 2.90-3.11 (m, 2.6H), 3.20 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.20-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.51 (s, 1H), 4.74 (s, 1H), 6.25 (ddd, J=26.4, 14.8, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (ddd, J=20.9, 10.6, 4.8 Hz, 5H), 7.81 (dt, J=26.6, 9.2 Hz, 2H), 8.62 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 9.97 (s, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=564.4 [M+H]⁺.

67 (Compound G36b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.14 (d, J=6.27 Hz, 2.4H), 1.27-1.45 (m, 4H), 1.32 (d, J=6.27 Hz, 3.6H), 1.63-1.92 (m, 7H), 2.15-3.13 (m, 19H), 4.20-4.32 (m, 2H), 4.32-4.42 (m, 0.4H), 4.52-4.62 (m, 0.6H), 6.07-6.23 (m, 1H), 7.33-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.67-7.74 (m, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=7.78 Hz, 0.4H), 7.92 (d, J=8.03 Hz, 0.6H), 8.09-8.17 (m, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=549.45 [M+H]⁺.

18 (Compound F33b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3-CD3OD-DCl) δ: 1.36-1.92 (m, 16H), 1.93-2.18 (m, 4H), 2.20-2.37 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.56 (m, 2H), 2.65-3.10 (m, 4H), 3.32-3.44 (m, 2H), 3.77 (m, 1H), 4.04-4.16 (m, 2H), 6.42 (m, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.82-7.92 (m, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.78 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: m/z=523.4 [M+H]+.

16 (Compound Z95a): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.39-2.07 (m, 16H), 2.17 (s, 1H), 2.24 (s, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.50-2.56 (m, 4H), 2.80-2.89 (m, 1H), 3.02 (t, J=12.7 Hz, 2H), 4.11 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (s, 1H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 6.15-6.29 (m, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=507.35 [M+H]⁺.

21 (Compound Z95b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.51-1.70 (m, 13H), 1.97-2.14 (m, 4H), 2.19-2.35 (m, 3H), 2.38 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 3H), 2.48 (dd, J=19.9, 12.0 Hz, 2H), 2.74-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.93-3.10 (m, 3H), 3.78 (dd, J=9.6, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 2H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 6.17-6.30 (m, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=523.4 [M+H]⁺.

22 (Compound W1b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.29-1.44 (m, 4H), 1.59-1.78 (m, 4H), 1.87 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 4H), 2.20-2.46 (m, 12H), 2.55 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (dt, J=17.3, 7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.97-3.13 (m, 1H), 4.26 (s, 2H), 4.83 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 2H), 6.07-6.20 (m, 1H), 7.38 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=507.35 [M+H]+.

23 (Compound BB7b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.23-1.49 (m, 4H), 1.56-1.79 (m, 10H), 1.87 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 4H), 2.20-2.39 (m, 8H), 2.45 (s, 2H), 2.58 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.84-3.13 (m, 3H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 6.07-6.20 (m, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=536.4 [M+H]⁺.

56 (Compound AA59b): ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃-CD₃OD-DCl) δ: 1.26-1.51 (m, 4H), 1.60-2.09 (m, 13H), 2.33-2.54 (m, 6H), 2.67-3.14 (m, 7H), 3.28 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 2H), 3.57 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.78-3.95 (m, 1H), 4.17 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 3H), 4.41 (t, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 6.12-6.25 (m, 1H), 7.37 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (dd, J=13.6, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H). LC/MS: m/z=579.4 [M+H]⁺.

26 (Compound B67a): ¹H NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, CD₃OD): 7.80 (m, 2H), 7.64 (m, 1H), 7.36 (m, 1H), 5.31 (br, 1H), 4.20 (m, 4H), 3.82 (m, 1H), 2.96 (m, 4H), 2.58 (m, 3H), 2.33 (m, 4H), 2.03 (m, 6H), 1.54 (m, 4H), 1.25 (m, 3H), 1.18 (m, 1H), 1.05 (m, 2H), 0.83 (m, 3H), 0.81 (m, 2H); MS: m/e=563.3 [M+1].

29 (Compound N88a): ¹H NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, CD₃OD): 7.85 (m, 2H), 7.67 (m, 1H), 7.42 (m, 1H), 5.43 (br, 1H), 4.51 (m, 1H), 4.25 (m, 3H), 3.99 (m, 1H), 3.55 (m, 2H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 2.92 (m, 2H), 2.89 (s, 3H), 2.57 (m, 3H), 2.32 (m, 4H), 2.05 (m, 7H), 1.84 (m, 2H), 1.59 (m, 5H), 1.05 (m, 1H), 0.83 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 3H), 0.72 (m, 2H); MS: m/e=592.3 [M+1].

34 (Compound N100a): ¹H NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, CD₃OD): 7.82 (m, 2H), 7.64 (m, 1H), 7.36 (m, 1H), 5.36 (br, 1H), 4.61 (m, 2H), 3.85 (m, 2H), 3.43 (m, 3H), 3.13 (m, 2H), 2.89 (s, 3H), 2.81 (s, 3H), 2.36 (m, 5H), 2.22 (m, 4H), 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.93 (m, 4H), 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.40 (m, 4H), 1.17 (m, 2H), 0.84 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 3H), 0.74 (m, 2H); MS: m/e=606.3 [M+1].

28 (Compound N196a): ¹H NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, CD₃OD): 7.81 (m, 2H), 7.60 (m, 1H), 7.39 (m, 1H), 5.38 (br, 1H), 4.27 (m, 1H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.80 (m, 1H), 3.03 (m, 3H), 2.86 (s, 3H), 2.84 (m, 1H), 2.81 (s, 3H), 2.57 (m, 3H), 2.32 (m, 4H), 2.00 (m, 7H), 1.85 (m, 2H), 1.54 (m, 4H), 1.03 (m, 1H), 0.83 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 3H), 0.72 (m, 2H); MS: m/e=606.3 [M+1].

25 (Compound B66a): ¹HNMR (CD₃OD) δ: 7.92 (m, 1H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.60 (m, 1H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 5.61 (br, 1H), 4.05-3.80 (m, 5H), 3.10 (m, 1H), 2.86 (m, 3H), 2.60 (m, 3H), 2.32 (m, 2H), 2.15 (m, 3H), 1.88 (m, 4H), 1.77 (m, 4H), 1.46 (m, 3H), 1.18 (m, 3H), 0.93 (m, 3H), 0.70 (m, 2H) ppm; MS: (m/e): 549.3 [M+1].

27 (Compound N90a): ¹HNMR (CD₃OD) δ: 7.82 (m, 2H), 7.63 (m, 1H), 7.42 (m, 1H), 5.40 (br, 1H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 4.28 (m, 1H), 4.16 (m, 2H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 3.55 (m, 1H), 3.40-2.83 (m, 7H), 2.60 (m, 3H), 2.32 (m, 4H), 2.01 (m, 6H), 1.83 (m, 2H), 1.56 (m, 3H), 1.35 (m, 3H), 1.17 (m, 3H), 0.84 (m, 3H), 0.70 (m, 2H) ppm; MS: (m/e): 620.4 [M+1].

35 (Compound N208a): ¹HNMR (CD₃OD) δ: 8.20 (m, 1H), 7.78 (m, 1H), 7.65 (m, 1H), 7.35 (m, 1H), 5.68 (br, 1H), 4.55 (m, 1H), 4.24 (m, 1H), 4.13 (m, 1H), 3.98 (m, 1H), 3.75 (m, 1H), 3.26 (m, 1H), 3.11 (m, 1H), 3.02 (m, 1H), 2.92 (m, 2H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 2.79 (s, 3H), 2.76 (m, 1H), 2.65-2.44 (m, 3H), 2.32 (m, 4H), 2.14-1.84 (m, 8H), 1.73 (m, 2H), 1.55 (m, 2H), 1.41 (m, 1H), 1.17 (m, 2H), 0.83 (m, 3H), 0.68 (m, 2H) ppm; MS: (m/e): 620.4 [M+1].

Example 32 Synthesis of (1R,1′R,3r,3′R,5S,5′3S)-9′-aza[3,9′-bi(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-amine acetate (x10)

Commercially available 2-adamantanone (x1) (1000 g, 6.66 mol, Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in TFA (3 L, Sigma-Aldrich). To this mechanically stirred mixture surrounded by a cooling bath with a temperature maintained at 20° C. was added sodium percarbonate (1254.8 g, 7.99 mol, Sigma-Aldrich) (or sodium peroxocarbonate) portion-wise over 1 h; the temperature of the reaction mixture increased to 60° C. during the addition. After 2 h additional stirring, deionized water (4 L) was added followed by four extractions with DCM (2 L for each extraction). The organic portions were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide 1180 g of (1R,3r,6s,8S)-4-oxatricyclo[4.3.1.13.8]undecan-5-one (x2) as a white crystalline solid (yield 97%).

x2: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, CDCl₃): 4.48 (1H, s), 3.06 (1H, m), 2.09 (2H, m), 2.00 (3H, m), 1.95 (2H, m), 1.81 (2H, m), 1.70 (2H, m); TLC (SiO₂) 1:1 EtOAc:hexanes: R_(f)=0.8 (visualized with molybdenum blue spray reagent).

x2 (1572.7 g, 9.46 mol) was taken up in MeOH (2 L). To this was added NaOH (2270 g, 56.7 mol) in deionized water (6 L); the temperature of the mixture increased from about 25° C. to 54° C. during the addition. With stirring, the resulting reaction mixture was heated to a gentle reflux and refluxed for 36 h. After cooling to a temperature of about 25° C., the MeOH was removed by vacuum distillation at 60° C. The resulting solution was stirred and acidified with concentrated HCl to a pH of about 2.5. The white precipitate that formed was allowed to stir for 18 h at a temperature of about 25° C. then filtered under reduced pressure to provide partially dried (1R,3r,5S,7r)-7-hydroxybicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-3-carboxylic acid (x3).

x3: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, d6-DMSO): 11.88 (1H, s), 4.44 (1H, s), 3.73 (1H, m), 1.95 (4H, m), 1.63 (2H, m), 1.41 (3H, m), 1.22 (2H, m), 1.16 (1H, m); TLC (SiO₂) 2:1:0.1 EtOAc:hexanes:AcOH: R_(f)=0.3 (visualized with molybdenum blue spray reagent).

x3, taken directly from the previous step, was suspended in toluene (8 L). To this was added methane sulfonic acid (367 mL, 4.73 mol, Sigma-Aldrich). With stirring, the resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux and water removed azeotropically for 5 h. After cooling to a temperature of about 25° C., deionized water (4 L) was added with stirring. The organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated to provide (1R,3S,5S)-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-ene-3-carboxylic acid (x4).

x4: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, CDCl₃): 10.45 (1H, bs), 5.85 (1H, m), 5.70 (1H, m), 2.79 (1H, m), 2.37 (2H, m), 2.11 (1H, m), 1.81 (3H, m), 1.61 (4H, m); TLC (SiO₂) 1:1:0.1 EtOAc:hexanes:AcOH: R_(f)=0.8 (visualized with molybdenum blue spray reagent).

x4 was taken directly from the previous step and taken up in MeOH (1 L). This was divided into six batches and to each, under a hydrogen atmosphere, was added 10% Pd/C (0.01 mol). The reaction mixtures were each hydrogenated at 50 psi until hydrogen uptake ceased (10 h to 15 h). The mixtures were combined, filtered through CELITE, and NaOH (1 kg) in deionized water (400 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 4 h at a temperature of about 25° C. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and deionized water (4 L) was added. Concentrated HCl was added until a pH within the range of 3-4 was achieved. The white solid that formed was allowed to stir for 1 h at a temperature of about 25° C. and then was filtered under reduced pressure to provide 1.232 kg of (1R,3r,5S)-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-3-carboxylic acid (x5) as an off-white crystalline solid (78% yield from x2).

x5: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, CDCl₃): 9.25 (1H, bs), 3.13 (1H, m), 1.97 (4H, m), 1.80 (2H, m), 1.70 (5H, m), 1.57 (3H, m); TLC (SiO₂) 1:1:0.1 EtOAc:hexanes:AcOH: R_(f)=0.8 (visualized with molybdenum blue spray reagent).

x5 (1108.5 g, 6.59 mol) was taken up in toluene (5 L) in a 20 L reaction vessel. To this was added TEA (1013.3 mL, 7.26 mol). The resulting mixture was stirred and heated to 75° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. Then diphenyl phosphoryl azide (DPPA) (1564 mL, 7.26 mol, Sigma-Aldrich) was diluted with toluene to 2 L total volume and added slowly via addition funnel over 1.5 h; during this addition the temperature increased by about 10° C. to 15° C. The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 3 h at 75° C. The mixture was then concentrated to a brownish-yellow oil by vacuum distillation at 90° C. The oil was cooled to 5° C. and THF (2.5 L) was added. The mixture was allowed to stir and cool to 0° C. NaOH (792 g, 19.80 mol) in deionized water (3 L) was added over 1 h keeping the temperature below 5° C. The mixture was stirred for 18 h at 5° C. The resulting mixture was then extracted twice with Et₂O (4 L for each extraction). To the remaining aqueous mixture at 5° C. was slowly added concentrated HCl until a pH of about 6-7 was reached; no significant change in temperature occurred during this neutralization. The resulting white precipitate was allowed to stir for 2 h at 0° C. The precipitate was then filtered under reduced pressure and dried under reduced pressure at 50° C. to provide 1.875 kg of (1R,3r,5S)-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine diphenyl phosphate salt (x6) as a white solid (yield 73.1%).

x6: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, d6-DMSO): 7.78 (2H, s), 7.22 (4H, t), 7.11 (4H, m), 6.93 (2H, t), 3.61 (1H, m), 3.31 (1H, s), 1.93 (4H, m), 1.33-1.60 (10H, m).

x6 (1037.5 g, 2.67 mol) and commercially available 9-benzyl-3-oxo-9-azoniabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane bromide (x7) (1000 g, 3.08 mol) were suspended in EtOH (6.2 L) and deionized water (2 L). To this stirred mixture was added potassium carbonate (390.72 g, 2.83 mol) in deionized water (800 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 18 h at a temperature of about 25° C. The reaction mixture was then heated to reflux, about 81° C., and refluxed for 3 h. Thereafter, the mixture was allowed to cool slowly over 4 h to a temperature of about 25° C. with vigorous stirring during which time a white precipitate formed. The mixture was then cooled to 5° C. and allowed to stir for 2 h at that temperature. The white precipitate was filtered under reduced pressure, washed with deionized water (8 L), and dried under reduced pressure at 60° C. to provide 580.1 g of (1R,1′R,3r,5S,5′3S)-9′-aza[3,9′-bi(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-one (x8) as a white crystalline solid (yield 83.1%).

x8: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, CDCl₃): 3.69 (2H, s), 3.38 (1H, m), 2.62 (2H, m), 2.21 (2H, d), 2.12 (4H, m), 1.85 (2H, m), 1.41-1.78 (14H, m); TLC (SiO₂) 7:3 hexanes:EtOAc: R_(f)=0.4 (visualized with potassium iodoplatinate spray).

x8 (580.1 g, 2.22 mol) and THF (4 L) were introduced into a reactor; the reactor temperature control was set to 18° C. 50% Aqueous NH₂OH (415 mL, 6.66 mol) was added followed by the slow addition of AcOH (381.25 mL, 6.66 mol). The temperature of the reaction mixture increased to 28° C. during the addition. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h at a temperature of about 25° C. then heated to a gentle reflux and refluxed for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25° C. and deionized water (4 L) and DCM (4 L) were added. With vigorous stirring, solid NaHCO₃ (560 g, 6.66 mol) was then slowly added over 30 min and the mixture was allowed to stir until effervescence ceased. The white precipitate that formed was filtered under reduced pressure, washed with deionized water (1 L), and dried under reduced pressure at 60° C. for 72 h to provide 432.5 g (1R,1′R,3r,5S,5′S)-9′-aza[3,9′-bi(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-one oxime (x9) as a white solid (yield 70.6%). The filtrate was allowed to form layers and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was washed three times with DCM (2 L for each wash). The organic portions were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a pale yellow solid. The solid was triturated with 10:1 Et₂O:EtOAc (1 L), stirred for 1 h, and filtered under reduced pressure to provide a residue which was dried under reduced pressure at 60° C. for 72 h to provide an additional 138.4 g of x9 as a white solid (yield 22.6%, overall yield 93.2%).

x9 (570.9 g, 2.07 mol) was taken up in AcOH (3 L). This mixture, with a total dissolved volume of 3.3 L, was divided into ten 330 mL batches. Under a hydrogen atmosphere, to each batch was added platinum (IV) oxide (9.40 g, 0.041 mol) and each batch was then hydrogenated at 50 psi for 16 h to 18 h. The batches were combined and filtered through CELITE. The filter cake was washed with AcOH (500 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure at 70° C. to provide an oil. To the oil was added Et₂O (6 L). The mixture was stirred and cooled to 0° C. for 1 h. The white precipitate that formed was filtered under reduced pressure and washed with Et₂O (2 L) to provide 253.4 g of (1R,1′R,3r,3′R,5S,5′3S)-9′-aza[3,9′-bi(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-amine acetate (x10) (yield 35.3%). The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a residue which was subjected to the same treatment with Et₂O. A second crop of 213.7 g of x10 was isolated (yield 32.1%). The filtrate was again evaporated under reduced pressure to provide 201.1 g of x10 (yield 25.4%, overall yield 92.8%).

x10: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, CD₃OD): 3.63 (3H, m), 3.42 (1H, m), 2.36 (2H, m), 2.01 (5H, m), 1.89 (5H, m), 1.39-1.78 (13H, m), 1.12 (2H, m).

x10 and can be converted to its freebase form by neutralization with base, such as dilute aqueous NaOH. Then x10 or its freebase form can be processed as described in the above Schemes and procedures to prepare Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds.

Example 33 Synthesis of (1R,1′R,3r,3′R,5S,5′S,75)-7-methyl-9′-aza[3,9′-bi(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-amine acetate (y8)

Commercially available 2-adamantanediol (yl), (500 g, 2.97 mol, Sigma-Aldrich), p-tosyl chloride (624 g, 3.27 mol, Sigma-Aldrich), and pyridine (1.5 L) were combined and stirred under an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was heated to a temperature in the range of 68-71° C. and remained at that temperature for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25° C. and poured into saturated brine (6 L). The resulting mixture was extracted three times with MTBE (4 L for each extraction). The organic portions were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated onto 1 kg silica gel (pre-treated with hexanes:TEA). The adsorbed material was chromatographed on 1.5 kg silica eluted sequentially with 1:10 EtOAc:hexanes (5 L) then 2:10 EtOAc:hexanes (5 L). All product fractions were combined and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a residue. The residue was suspended in deionized water (2 L), stirred for 10 min, and filtered under reduced pressure to remove any excess reactants. The remaining solids were taken up in MTBE (2 L), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide 301 g of (1R,5S)-7-methylenebicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one (y2) as a white crystalline solid (yield 67%).

y2: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, CDCl₃): 4.79 (2H, s), 2.51 (8H, m), 2.29 (2H, m), 1.94 (2H, m), 1.60 (1H, m); TLC (SiO₂) 1:10 EtOAc:hexanes: R_(f)=0.25 (visualized with KMnO₄ spray reagent).

y2 (250 g, 1.66 mol) was divided into five equal batches. Under a hydrogen atmosphere, the first batch was hydrogenated over platinum black (5 g, Sigma-Aldrich) at 50 psi in dry 99:1 cyclohexane:EtOAc (200 mL) for 2 h. The reaction mixture was decanted and the remaining catalyst washed with cyclohexane until no product remained as determined by TLC. The reaction flask was then recharged with the next batch of y2, cyclohexane (200 mL), and hydrogen and the reaction mixture was hydrogenated at 50 psi for 2 h. This procedure was repeated until all batches were reacted. All filtrates were combined, filtered through CELITE, and concentrated at a temperature of about 25° C. to provide 7-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one (y3) as a colorless oil.

y3: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, CDCl₃): 2.42 (4H, m), 2.26 (2H, m), 1.98-2.00 (3H, m), 1.65 (1H, m), 1.54 (1H, m), 0.80 (1H, m); TLC (SiO₂) 2:10 EtOAc:hexanes: R_(f)=0.30 (visualized with KMnO₄ spray reagent).

y3 was taken directly from the previous step and taken up in AcOH (1 L). To this was added 50% aqueous NH₂OH (100 mL, Sigma-Aldrich). With stirring, the reaction mixture was heated to a gentle reflux and refluxed for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25° C. and slowly poured into 2.5M Na₂CO₃ aqueous solution (5 L) with stirring. Thereafter, the mixture was stirred vigorously for 1 h. Deionized water (1 L) was added and the mixture was stirred for another 0.5 h. The precipitate that formed was collected by filtering under reduced pressure and washed with deionized water (2 L). The residue was taken up in DCM (1 L), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide 231.5 g of 7-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one oxime (y4) as a white fluffy solid (85% yield from y2).

y4: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, CDCl₃): 3.21 (1H, d), 2.05-2.41 (4H, m), 1.73-2.11 (4H, m), 1.51-1.73 (2H, m), 1.33 (1H, d), 0.82 (4H, m), 0.63 (1H, t).

To a three neck 5 L round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, 1 L pressure equalizing dropping funnel, and temperature probe was added toluene (about 3 L) and Na metal (67.17 g, 2.8 mol, Sigma-Aldrich). Under an argon atmosphere, the mixture was heated to a gentle reflux until the Na metal became molten. A solution of a portion of y4 (66.66 g, 0.40 mol) in dry isopropyl alcohol (230 mL) was then added dropwise via the dropping funnel over 1.5 h. With stirring, the resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux and refluxed for 16 h. After cooling to a temperature of about 25° C., the following materials were added in sequential order: EtOH (164 mL) dropwise over 15 min, 1:1 EtOH:H₂O (164 mL) dropwise over 15 min, and water (500 mL) dropwise over 30 min. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h. The mixture was poured into a 6 L separatory funnel and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous portion was extracted three times with Et₂O (1 L for each extraction).

The process just described was repeated twice more with 66.66 g batches of y4 being used each time. All organic portions were combined, dried (MgSO₄), and filtered into a 6 L Erlenmeyer flask. To the mixture was added 2M HCl in Et₂O (1.5 L, 2.5 eq). The mixture was allowed to stir and cool in an ice:MeOH bath for 1 h. The solids that formed were filtered under reduced pressure and dried under reduced pressure at 50° C. for 18 h to provide 100.01 g of (3s,7s)-7-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine hydrochloride (y5) as a white crystalline solid. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a residue which was triturated with Et₂O (2 L). The solids that remained were filtered and washed with Et₂O (2 L) to provide 87.1 g of a second crop of y5 after drying (overall yield 39%).

y5: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.28 (3H, bs), 3.55 (1H, m), 2.25 (2H, m), 1.81-2.09 (4H, m), 1.85 (1H, m), 1.61 (3H, m) 1.08 (1H, d), 0.70-0.88 (5H, m).

y5 (87.1 g, 0.463 mol), commercially available 9-benzyl-3-oxo-9-azoniabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane bromide (x7) (165.20 g, 0.509 mol, Sigma-Aldrich), potassium carbonate (67.83 g, 0.491 mol), EtOH (1.07 L), and water (346 mL) were combined. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for about 16 h at a temperature of about 25° C. The reaction mixture was then heated to reflux and refluxed for 3 h. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25° C. then further cooled to 5° C. in an ice/MeOH bath and allowed to stir for 30 min at that temperature. The solids that formed were filtered under reduced pressure, washed with deionized water, and dried under reduced pressure to provide 102.1 g of (1R,3r,5S,7s)-7-methyl-9′-aza[3,9′-bi(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-one (y6) as an off-white crystalline solid (yield 80%).

y6: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, CDCl₃): 3.68 (2H, m), 3.05 (1H, m), 2.61 (2H, m), 2.25 (4H, m), 1.98 (1H, m), 1.85 (4H, m), 1.49-1.78 (7H, m), 1.25 (2H, m), 1.07 (1H, d), 0.86 (3H, d), 0.78 (2H, t).

y6 (67 g, 0.243 mol), THF (500 mL), and AcOH (41.78 mL, 0.730 mol) were combined. To this mixture was added 50% aqueous NH₂OH (45 mL, 0.730 mol). With stirring, the resulting reaction mixture was heated to reflux and refluxed for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25° C. and deionized water was added (500 mL). Potassium carbonate (100 g, 0.730 mol) in deionized water (500 mL) was then added in one portion. The resulting mixture was stirred and cooled in an ice bath for 1 h. The solids that formed were filtered under reduced pressure and dried under reduced pressure at 60° C. to provide (1R,3r,5S,7s)-7-methyl-9′-aza[3,9′-bi(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-one oxime (y7) (yield>99%).

y7: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, CD₃OD): 3.76 (1H, m), 3.45 (2H, m), 3.18 (1H, m), 3.02 (1H, m), 2.62 (1H, m), 2.27 (4H, m), 1.78-2.08 (7H, m), 1.67 (1H, m), 1.58 (2H, m), 1.46 (1H, m), 1.22 (2H, t), 1.09 (1H, d), 0.85 (5H, m).

y7 (70.01 g, 0.241 mol) was taken up in AcOH (400 mL). This mixture was divided into two batches. Under a hydrogen atmosphere, to each batch was added platinum (IV) oxide (5.98 g, 0.2 eq, Sigma-Aldrich) and each batch was then hydrogenated at 50 psi for 16 h to 18 h. The batches were combined and filtered through CELITE. The filter cake was washed with AcOH (500 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure at 70° C. to provide an oil. To the oil was added MTBE (6 L). The mixture was stirred and cooled to 0° C. for 1 h. The white precipitate that formed was filtered under reduced pressure, washed with Et₂O (2 L), and dried under reduced pressure to provide 76.2 g of (1R,1′R,3r,3′R,5S,5′S,7S)-7-methyl-9′-aza[3,9′-bi(bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan)]-3′-amine acetate (y8) as a white solid (yield 94%).

y8: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, 400 MHz, CD₃OD): 3.73 (2H, m), 3.55 (1H, m), 2.46 (2H, m), 2.24 (2H, m), 1.75-2.12 (11H, m), 1.45-1.75 (4H, m), 1.28 (4H, m), 1.06 (1H, d), 0.89 (3H, d), 0.80 (2H, t); LC/MS (t_(r)=1.689 min): m/z=277.3 [M+H]⁺ (Calc: 276.5).

y8 can be converted to its freebase form by neutralization with base, such as dilute aqueous NaOH. Then y8 or its freebase form can be processed as described in the above Schemes and procedures to prepare Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds.

Example 34 N¹-((1R,3R,5S)-9-((1R,6S,8r)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)benzene-1,2-diamine (c14)

O1, O2, and exo-O4 were prepared as discussed in Scheme O.

O1: MS: m/z=151.4 [M+H]⁺.

O2: MS: m/z=153.4 [M+H]⁺.

exo-O4: MS: m/z=154.4 [M+H]⁺.

Diamine z3 was prepared from exo-O4 by compling with commercially available x7 followed by two-step reductive amination with hydroxylamine and hydrogen in the presence of platinum catalyst, e.g., analogously to the conversion of x6 to x10 in Example 32 or the conversion of y5 to y8 in Example 33.

(1R,5S)-9-((1R,6S,8s)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one, z1: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, CD₃OD): 3.76 (br, 2H), 3.45 (m, 1H), 3.13 (m, 1H), 2.70 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.20 (m, 4H), 1.99-1.76 (m, 9H), 1.75-1.34 (m, 10H); MS: m/z=276.4 [M+H]⁺.

(1R,5S)-9-((1R,6S,8s)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one oxime, z2: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, CDCl₃): 8.29 (br, 1H), 3.52 (br, 2H), 3.03 (m, 2H), 2.63 (m, 1H), 2.27 (m, 4H), 1.95-1.26 (m, 20H); MS: m/z=291.4 [M+H]⁺.

(1R,3R,5S)-9-((1R,6S,8s)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine acetate, z3: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, CD₃OD): 3.49 (m, 2H), 3.20 (m, 1H), 3.05 (m, 1H), 2.27 (m, 4H), 2.04 (m, 1H), 1.91 (s, 3H), 1.81 (m, 7H), 1.71-1.42 (m, 8H), 1.31-1.15 (m, 6H); MS: m/z=277.4 [M+H]⁺.

z3 was then processed similar to B1 in Scheme B, for example, first coupling with 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene (e.g., under palladium catalyzed coupling conditions, such as those of Buchwald) to afford nitroamine z4, then by reduction with hydrogen using palladium on carbon as catalyst to afford c14.

(1R,3R,5S)-9-((1R,6S,8s)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-N-(2-nitrophenyl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine, z4: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, CDCl₃): 8.17 (dd, J=1.7, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (m, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (m, 1H), 3.98 (m, 1H), 3.51 (m, 2H), 3.05 (m, 1H), 2.46 (m, 2H), 2.27 (m, 2H), 2.02 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.52 (m, 12H), 1.49-1.32 (m, 4H), 1.25 (m, 2H), 1.13 (m, 2H); MS: m/z=398.4 [M+H]⁺.

N¹-((1R,3R,5S)-9-((1R,6S,8r)-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-8-yl)-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl)benzene-1,2-diamine, c14: ¹H-NMR: δ_(H) (ppm, CDCl₃): 6.78 (m, 4H), 6.60 (m, 1H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 3.91 (m, 3H), 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.11 (m, 2H), 2.79 (m, 2H), 2.55 (m, 1H), 2.42 (m, 4H), 2.02-1.55 (m, 12H), 1.52-1.27 (m, 5H); MS: m/z=368.4 [M+H]⁺.

Triamine c14 is analogous to A8 and was used as discussed above in Schemes C, D, E, and N to prepare Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds. Additionally, triamines c6 and c1 can also be prepared in similar fashion as c14 to afford the corresponding A8 compounds, which can then be processed according to Schemes C, D, E, and N to prepare Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds.

Example 35 In Vitro ORL-1 Receptor Binding Assay

ORL-1 Receptor Binding Assay Procedures: Membranes from recombinant HEK-293 cells expressing the human opioid receptor-like receptor (ORL-1) (Receptor Biology) were prepared by lysing cells in ice-cold hypotonic buffer (2.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) (10 mL/10 cm dish) followed by homogenization with a tissue grinder/Teflon pestle. Membranes were collected by centrifugation at 30,000×g for 15 min at 4° C. and pellets resuspended in hypotonic buffer to a final concentration 1-3 mg/mL. Protein concentrations were determined using the BioRad protein assay reagent with bovine serum albumen as a standard. Aliquots of the ORL-1 receptor membranes were stored at −80° C.

Radioligand binding assays (screening and dose-displacement) used 0.1 nM [³H]-nociceptin (NEN; 87.7 Ci/mmole) with 10-20 m membrane protein in a final volume of 500 μL binding buffer (10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EDTA, 5% DMSO, 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4). Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 10 nM unlabeled nociceptin (American Peptide Company). All reactions were performed in 96-deep well polypropylene plates for 1 h at about 25° C. Binding reactions were terminated by rapid filtration onto 96-well Unifilter GF/C filter plates (Packard) presoaked in 0.5% polyethylenimine (Sigma-Aldrich). Harvesting was performed using a 96-well tissue harvester (Packard) followed by three filtration washes with 500 μL ice-cold binding buffer. Filter plates were subsequently dried at 50° C. for 2-3 hours. Fifty μL/well scintillation cocktail (BetaScint; Wallac) was added and plates were counted in a Packard Top-Count for 1 min/well. The data from screening and dose-displacement experiments were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and the curve fitting functions in GraphPad PRISM™, v. 3.0, respectively, or an in-house function for one-site competition curve-fitting.

ORL-1 Receptor Binding Data: An Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a binding affinity (K_(i)) for the human ORL-1 receptor of about 1000 nM or less in one embodiment, or about 500 nM or less in another embodiment. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 300 or less for binding to ORL-1 receptors. In one embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 100 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 35 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 20 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 15 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 10 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 4 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 1 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 0.4 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 0.1 or less.

Example 36 In Vitro ORL-1 Receptor Functional Assay

ORL-1 Receptor [³⁵S]GTPγS Binding Assay Procedures: Membranes from recombinant HEK-293 cells expressing the human opioid receptor-like (ORL-1) (Receptor Biology) were prepared by lysing cells in ice-cold hypotonic buffer (2.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) (10 mL/10 cm dish) followed by homogenization with a tissue grinder/Teflon pestle. Membranes were collected by centrifugation at 30,000×g for 15 min at 4° C., and pellets resuspended in hypotonic buffer to a final concentration of 1-3 mg/mL. Protein concentrations were determined using the BioRad protein assay reagent with bovine serum albumen as a standard. Aliquots of the ORL-1 receptor membranes were stored at −80° C.

Functional binding assays were conducted as follows. ORL-1 membrane solution was prepared by sequentially adding final concentrations of 0.066 m/μL ORL-1 membrane protein, 10 μg/mL saponin, 3 μM GDP and 0.20 nM [35S]GTPγS to binding buffer (100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) on ice. The prepared membrane solution (190 μL/well) was transferred to 96-shallow well polypropylene plates containing 10 μL of 20× concentrated stock solutions of agonist/nociceptin prepared in DMSO. Plates were incubated for 30 min at about 25° C. with shaking. Reactions were terminated by rapid filtration onto 96-well Unifilter GF/B filter plates (Packard) using a 96-well tissue harvester (Packard) and followed by three filtration washes with 200 μL ice-cold binding buffer (10 mM NaH₂PO₄, 10 mM Na₂HPO₄, pH 7.4). Filter plates were subsequently dried at 50° C. for 2-3 hours. Fifty μL/well scintillation cocktail (BetaScint; Wallac) was added and plates were counted in Packard Top-Count for 1 min/well. Data are analyzed using the sigmoidal dose-response curve fitting functions in GraphPad PRISM v. 3.0, or an in-house function for non-linear, sigmoidal dose-response curve-fitting.

ORL-1 Receptor Functional Data: ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at an ORL-1 receptor. In one embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 5000 or less to stimulate ORL-1 receptor function. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 1000 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 100 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 80 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 50 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 35 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 15 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 10 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 4 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 1 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 0.4 or less. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 0.1 or less.

ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by nociceptin, a standard ORL-1 agonist. In one embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 50% or greater. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 75% or greater. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 85% or greater. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 95% or greater. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 100% or greater. In another embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of about 110% or greater. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound acting as a partial agonist has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 10%. In one embodiment, partial agonist Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 20%. In another embodiment, partial agonist Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 30%. In another embodiment, partial agonist Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 40%. In another embodiment, partial agonist Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 50%. In some embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound acting as an antagonist has an ORL-1 GTP Emax (%) of less than about 5%, for example, less than about 2%, such as around 1%.

Example 37 In Vitro Mu-Opioid Receptor Binding Assays

μ-Opioid Receptor Binding Assay Procedures: Radioligand binding assays were conducted using freshly thawed membranes expressing human μ-receptors (Perkin Elmer, Shelton, Conn.). Radioligand dose-displacement binding assays for human μ-opioid receptors used 0.2 nM[³H]-diprenorphine (NEN, Boston, Mass.), with 5-20 mg membrane protein/well in a final volume of 500 μL binding buffer (10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EDTA, 5% DMSO, 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4). Reactions were carried out in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of unlabeled naloxone. All reactions were conducted in 96-deep well polypropylene plates for 1-2 hr at about 25° C. Binding reactions were terminated by rapid filtration onto 96-well Unifilter GF/C filter plates (Packard, Meriden, Conn.) presoaked in 0.5% polyethylenimine using a 96-well tissue harvester (Brandel, Gaithersburg, Md.) followed by performing three filtration washes with 500 μL of ice-cold binding buffer. Filter plates were subsequently dried at 50° C. for 2-3 hours. BetaScint scintillation cocktail (Wallac, Turku, Finland) was added (50 μL/well), and plates were counted using a Packard Top-Count for 1 min/well. The data were analyzed using the one-site competition curve fitting functions in GraphPad PRISM v. 3.0 (San Diego, Calif.), or an in-house function for one-site competition curve-fitting.

μ-Opioid Receptor Binding Data: In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a K_(i) (nM) of about 3000 or less for binding to μ-opioid receptors, or about 1000 or less, or about 650 or less, or about 525 or less, or about 250 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 10 or less, or about 1 or less, or about 0.1 or less.

Example 38 In Vitro Mu-Opioid Receptor Functional Assays

μ-Opioid Receptor Functional Assay Procedures: [³⁵S]GTPγS functional assays were conducted using freshly thawed membranes expressing human μ-receptors. Assay reactions were prepared by sequentially adding the following reagents to binding buffer (100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) on ice (final concentrations indicated): membrane protein (0.026 mg/mL), saponin (10 mg/mL), GDP (3 mM) and [³⁵S]GTPγS (0.20 nM; NEN). The prepared membrane solution (190 μL/well) was transferred to 96-shallow well polypropylene plates containing 10 μL of 20× concentrated stock solutions of the agonist DAMGO ([D-Ala2, N-methyl-Phe4 Gly-ol5]-enkephalin) prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Plates were incubated for 30 min at about 25° C. with shaking. Reactions were terminated by rapid filtration onto 96-well Unifilter GF/B filter plates (Packard, Meriden, Conn.) using a 96-well tissue harvester (Brandel, Gaithersburg, Md.) followed by three filtration washes with 200 μL of ice-cold wash buffer (10 mM NaH₂PO₄, 10 mM Na₂HPO₄, pH 7.4). Filter plates were subsequently dried at 50° C. for 2-3 hr. BetaScint scintillation cocktail (Wallac, Turku, Finland) was added (50 μL/well) and plates were counted using a Packard Top-Count for 1 min/well. Data were analyzed using the sigmoidal dose-response curve fitting functions in GraphPad PRISM v. 3.0, or an in-house function for non-linear, sigmoidal dose-response curve-fitting.

μ-Opioid Receptor Functional Data: μ GTP EC₅₀ is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at a μ-opioid receptor. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a μ GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 5000 or less, or about 4100 or less, or about 3100 or less, or about 2000 or less, or about 1000 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 10 or less, or about 1 or less, or about 0.4 or less, or about 0.1 or less.

μ GTP Emax (%) is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by DAMGO, a standard μ agonist. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a μ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or greater, or about 20% or greater, or about 50% or greater, or about 65% or greater, or about 75% or greater, or about 88% or greater, or about 100% or greater. In other embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a μ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 2% or less.

Example 39 In Vitro Kappa-Opioid Receptor Binding Assays

κ-Opioid Receptor Binding Assay Procedures: Membranes from recombinant HEK-293 cells expressing the human kappa opioid receptor (kappa) (cloned in house) were prepared by lysing cells in ice cold hypotonic buffer (2.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) (10 mL/10 cm dish) followed by homogenization with a tissue grinder/Teflon pestle. Membranes were collected by centrifugation at 30,000×g for 15 min at 4° C. and pellets resuspended in hypotonic buffer to a final concentration of 1-3 mg/mL. Protein concentrations were determined using the BioRad protein assay reagent with bovine serum albumen as a standard. Aliquots of kappa receptor membranes were stored at −80° C.

Radioligand dose displacement assays used 0.4-0.8 nM [³H]-U69,593 (NEN; 40 Ci/mmole) with 10-20 μg membrane protein (recombinant kappa opioid receptor expressed in HEK 293 cells; in-house prep) in a final volume of 200 μL binding buffer (5% DMSO, 50 mM Trizma base, pH 7.4). Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 10 μM unlabeled naloxone or U69,593. All reactions were performed in 96-well polypropylene plates for 1 h at a temperature of about 25° C. Binding reactions were determined by rapid filtration onto 96-well Unifilter GF/C filter plates (Packard) presoaked in 0.5% polyethylenimine (Sigma-Aldrich). Harvesting was performed using a 96-well tissue harvester (Packard) followed by five filtration washes with 200 μL ice-cold binding buffer. Filter plates were subsequently dried at 50° C. for 1-2 hours. Fifty μL/well scintillation cocktail (MicroScint20, Packard) was added and plates were counted in a Packard Top-Count for 1 min/well.

κ-Opioid Receptor Binding Data: In one embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has substantially no activity at a κ-opioid receptor. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a Ki (nM) of about 20,000 or less, or about 10,000 or less, or about 5000 or less, or about 500 or less, or about 300 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 50 or less, or about 20 or less, or about 15 or less, or about 10 or less.

Example 40 In Vitro Kappa-Opioid Receptor Functional Assays

κ-Opioid Receptor Functional Assay Procedures: Functional [³⁵S]GTPγS binding assays were conducted as follows. Kappa opioid receptor membrane solution was prepared by sequentially adding final concentrations of 0.026 μg/μL kappa membrane protein (in-house), 10 m/mL saponin, 3 μM GDP and 0.20 nM [³⁵S]GTPγS to binding buffer (100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) on ice. The prepared membrane solution (190 μL/well) was transferred to 96-shallow well polypropylene plates containing 10 μL of 20× concentrated stock solutions of agonist prepared in DMSO. Plates were incubated for 30 min at a temperature of about 25° C. with shaking. Reactions were terminated by rapid filtration onto 96-well Unifilter GF/B filter plates (Packard) using a 96-well tissue harvester (Packard) and followed by three filtration washes with 200 μL ice-cold binding buffer (10 mM NaH₂PO₄, 10 mM Na₂HPO₄, pH 7.4). Filter plates were subsequently dried at 50° C. for 2-3 hours. Fifty μL/well scintillation cocktail (MicroScint20, Packard) was added and plates were counted in a Packard Top-Count for 1 min/well.

κ-Opioid Receptor Functional Data: κ GTP EC₅₀ is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at a κ-opioid receptor. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a κ GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 20,000 or less, or about 10,000 or less, or about 5000 or less, or about 2000 or less, or about 1500 or less, or about 800 or less, or about 500 or less, or about 300 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 50 or less, or about 10 or less.

κ GTP Emax (%) is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by U69,593. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a κ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or greater, or about 15% or greater, or about 30% or greater, or about 40% or greater, or about 45% or greater, or about 75% or greater, or about 90% or greater, or about 100% or greater. In other embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a κ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 2% or less.

Example 41 In Vitro Delta-Opioid Receptor Binding Assays

δ-Opioid Receptor Binding Assay Procedures: Radioligand dose-displacement assays used 0.2 nM [³H]-Naltrindole (NEN; 33.0 Ci/mmole) with 10-20 μg membrane protein (recombinant delta opioid receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells; Perkin Elmer) in a final volume of 500 μL binding buffer (5 mM MgCl₂, 5% DMSO, 50 mM Trizma base, pH 7.4). Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 25 μM unlabeled naloxone. All reactions were performed in 96-deep well polypropylene plates for 1 h at a temperature of about 25° C. Binding reactions were determined by rapid filtration onto 96-well Unifilter GF/C filter plates (Packard) presoaked in 0.5% polyethylenimine (Sigma-Aldrich). Harvesting was performed using a 96-well tissue harvester (Packard) followed by five filtration washes with 500 μL ice-cold binding buffer. Filter plates were subsequently dried at 50° C. for 1-2 hours. Fifty μL/well scintillation cocktail (MicroScint20, Packard) was added and plates were counted in a Packard Top-Count for 1 min/well.

δ-Opioid Receptor Binding Data: In one embodiment, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has substantially no activity at a δ-opioid receptor. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a Ki (nM) of about 20,000 or less, or about 10,000 or less, or about 7500 or less, or about 6500 or less, or about 5000 or less, or about 3000 or less, or about 2500 or less, or about 1000 or less, or about 500 or less, or about 350 or less, or about 250 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 10 or less.

Example 42 In Vitro Delta-Opioid Receptor Functional Assays

δ-Opioid Receptor Functional Assay Procedures: Functional [³⁵S]GTPγS binding assays were conducted as follows using membranes expressing human 6-opioid receptors. Delta opioid receptor membrane solution was prepared by sequentially adding final concentrations of 0.026 μg/μL delta membrane protein (Perkin Elmer), 10 μg/mL saponin, 3 μM GDP and 0.20 nM [³⁵S]GTPγS to binding buffer (100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) on ice. The prepared membrane solution (190 μL/well) was transferred to 96-shallow well polypropylene plates containing 10 μL of 20× concentrated stock solutions of agonist prepared in DMSO. Plates were incubated for 30 min at a temperature of about 25° C. with shaking. Reactions were terminated by rapid filtration onto 96-well Unifilter GF/B filter plates (Packard) using a 96-well tissue harvester (Packard) and followed by three filtration washes with 200 μL ice-cold binding buffer (10 mM NaH₂PO₄, 10 mM Na₂HPO₄, pH 7.4). Filter plates were subsequently dried at 50° C. for 1-2 hours. Fifty μL/well scintillation cocktail (MicroScint20, Packard) was added and plates were counted in a Packard Top-count for 1 min/well.

δ-Opioid Receptor Functional Data: δ GTP EC₅₀ is the concentration of a compound providing 50% of the maximal response for the compound at a δ receptor. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a δ GTP EC₅₀ (nM) of about 20,000 or less, or about 10,000 or less, or about 100 or less, or about 1000 or less, or about 90 or less, or about 50 or less, or about 25 or less, or about 10 or less.

δ GTP Emax (%) is the maximal effect elicited by a compound relative to the effect elicited by met-enkephalin. In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a δ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or greater, or about 30% or greater, or about 50% or greater, or about 75% or greater, or about 90% or greater, or about 100% or greater, or about 110% or greater. In other embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a δ GTP Emax (%) of about 10% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 2% or less.

Example 43 Cytochrome P450 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), 2C9 (CYP2C9), 2C19 (CYP2C19), 2D6 (CYP2D6), and 3A4 (CYP3A4) are enzymes of the cytochrome P450 super family known to be involved in metabolizing and eliminating many drugs, e.g., orally-administered opiates, particularly at lower concentrations. Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds were tested for the extent to which they inhibited production of reference metabolites for these enzymes.

For example, using commercially available pooled human hepatic microsome and employing, as an indicator, the O-demethylation of dextromethorphan ((4bR,8aS,9R)-3-methoxy-11-methyl-6,7,8,8a,9,10-hexahydro-5H-9,4b-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene) as a typical substrate metabolism reaction for human CYP2D6, Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds were tested for the extent to which they inhibited reference metabolite production by CYP2D6. The reaction conditions were as follows: 5 μmol/L dextromethorphan substrate, 15 minute reaction time, 37° C. reaction temperature, 0.2 mg protein/mL pooled human hepatic microsome enzyme, and Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound concentrations of 1, 5, 10, and 20 μmol/L (four concentrations for each compound). Similar reactions were performed for the other CYP enzymes.

The substrate, human hepatic microsome, or an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound in 50 mmol/L HEPES buffer as a reaction solution was added to a 96-well plate at the concentrations as described above, cofactor NADPH was added to initiate metabolism reactions as a marker and, after incubation at 37° C. for 15 minutes, a 1:1 MeOH:MeCN (vol:vol) solution was added to stop the reaction. Following centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes, the amount of dextrorphan ((4bR,8aS,9R)-11-methyl-6,7,8,8a,9,10-hexahydro-5H-9,4b-(epiminoethano)phenanthren-3-ol, the CYP2D6 metabolite) present was determined quantitatively by LC/MS/MS.

As a control, addition of only DMSO (a solvent for Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds) to a reaction system was adopted (i.e., 100% metabolite production). At each concentration of as Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound added, the activity (%) was calculated from the amount of dextrorphan present. The IC₅₀ was determined by reverse presumption by a logistic model using a concentration and an inhibition rate.

A “low” value of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4 IC₅₀, e.g., about 1 μM or less, is an indicator that undesirable drug-drug interactions are possible. In contrast, a “high” value of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4 IC₅₀, e.g., about 17-20 μM or greater, is an indicator of the absence of undesirable drug-drug interactions.

In certain embodiments, an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound has a CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4 IC₅₀ of about 15 μM or greater, or of about 16 μM or greater, or of about 17 μM or greater, or of about 17.5 μM or greater, or of about 18 μM or greater, or of about 18.5 μM or greater, or of about 19 μM or greater, or of about 20 μM or greater.

Example 44 Efficacy of Receptor Binding and Activity Response

The following Tables provide results on the efficacy of binding and activity response of several Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds to the ORL-1 receptor and, for certain Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds, the mu-opioid receptor, the kappa-opioid receptor, and/or the delta-opioid receptor.

In Table 25, binding efficacy to the ORL-1 receptor was determined by the procedure in Example 33. Binding efficacy to the mu-opioid receptor was determined by the procedure in Example 35. Binding efficacy to the kappa-opioid receptor was determined by the procedure in Example 37. Binding efficacy to the delta-opioid receptor was determined by the procedure in Example 39. Also in Table 25, Cytochrome P450 (i.e., CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) response, in the form of IC₅₀, was determined by the procedure in Example 41.

In Table 26, activity response to the ORL-1 receptor was determined by the procedure in Example 34. Activity response to the mu-opioid receptor was determined by the procedure in Example 36. Activity response to the kappa-opioid receptor was determined by the procedure in Example 38. Activity response to the delta-opioid receptor can be determined by the procedure in Example 40.

TABLE 29 Efficacy of Receptor Binding and Cytochrome P450 Response of Selected Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds K_(i) [Average ± Std Deviation] (nM) Opioid Receptor Cytochrome P450 Cpd ORL-1 Mu Kappa Delta IC₅₀ (μM)  1 3.49 ± 0.77  122 ± 9.25 23.97 ± 2.71 12659 ± 482  1A2: — 2C19: — 2D6: — (Z74a) 2C9: — 3A4: —  2 9.34 ± 1.08 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (B50a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20  3 18.73 ± 0.99  — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (L49a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20  4  5.1 ± 0.57 3069 ± 510 1215 ± 334 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (L1a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20  5 1.22 ± 0.09  472 ± 81.5 74.84 ± 8.77  11,575 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (R6a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20  6 1.86 ± 0.18 4519 ± 795 1092 ± 47  >20,000 1A2: — 2C19: — 2D6: — (B2a) 2C9: — 3A4: —  7 5.64 ± 1.56 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (B49a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20  8 12.21 ± 1.28  425 ± 26 202 ± 33 260 ± 74 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (V9a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20  9 8.73 ± 1.45 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (F34b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 10 13.52 ± 1.96  — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (F34a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 11 26.58 ± 6.78  — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (B51a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 12 4.48 ± 0.32 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (G34b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 13 2.18 ± 0.22 11.1 ± 2.7 120 ± 15 1612 ± 112 1A2: — 2C19: — 2D6: — (B58a) 2C9: — 3A4: — 14 35.71 ± 5.02  2303 ± 153 2762 ± 245 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (A50a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 15 3.37 ± 0.11  949 ± 153   152 ± 38.14  11706 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (AA9b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 16 25.7 ± 3.93 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (Z95a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 17 1.64 ± 0.19  472 ± 94.2  92.07 ± 19.93 4778 ± 378 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (H2b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 18 11.29 ± 4.1  — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (F33b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 19 2.92 ± 0.57  716 ± 119  422 ± 104 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (AA1b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 20 1.57 ± 0.22 574 ± 38 258 ± 50 8527 ± 233 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (G2b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 21 18.41 ± 0.79  — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (Z95b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 22 7.25 ± 0.71 620 ± 38  429 ± 5.28 2604 ± 750 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (W1b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 23  5.1 ± 0.91  315 ± 13.3   305 ± 18.64   363 ± 37.05 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (BB7b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 24 2.01 ± 0.30 137 ± 35 80.7 ± 3.1 1588 ± 269 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (X1b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 25 3.48 ± 0.14  22.1 ± 4.92 72.07 ± 17.7 2452 ± 302 1A2: >20 2C19: — 2D6: >20 (B66a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 26 8.83 ± 0.85 26.0 ± 1.8 162 ± 19 1216 ± 135 1A2: >20 2C19: — 2D6: >20 (B67a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 27 3.09 ± 0.45 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: — 2D6: 8.7 (N90a) 2C9: >20 3A4: 8.9 28 2.22 ± 0.17 107 ± 17  9.3 ± 1.2 11,500 ± 1,360 1A2: >20 2C19: — 2D6: 3.0 (N196a) 2C9: >20 3A4: 6.1 29 3.33 ± 0.62 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: — 2D6: 11.6 (N88a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 30 3.78 ± 0.86  825 ± 263   406 ± 94.98 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (B3a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 31 4.08 ± 0.83   358 ± 32.97  147 ± 4.91 3636 ± 355 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (B4a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 32 1.64 ± 0.05 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (H3b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 33 2.18 ± 0.13 134 ± 18 41.1 ± 8.5 4265 ± 673 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (H4b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 34 6.83 ± 1.07 73.25 ± 4.91 16.01 ± 3.23 6742 ± 880 1A2: 16.1 2C19: — 2D6: >20 (N100a) 2C9: >20 3A4: 17.5 35 10.82 ± 0.85    120 ± 10.05  14.2 ± 0.77 11000 ± 1481 1A2: >20 2C19: — 2D6: >20 (N208a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 36  2.2 ± 0.18  703 ± 202   150 ± 40.24 15830 ± 3912 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (G3b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 37 2.42 ± 0.11 1407 ± 267 208 ± 16 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (G4b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 38 0.77 ± 0.03  514 ± 130  98 ± 31 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (R1a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 39 26.84 ± 4.29  1747 ± 245  663 ± 123 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (R73a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 40 14.2 ± 0.7  2713 ± 285 1703 ± 278 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (P1a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 41 2.50 ± 0.06 341 ± 97 200 ± 17  19,300 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (T49b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 42 33.57 ± 6.44  — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (P74a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 43 7.34 ± 0.31 1467 ± 296 290 ± 79  17,971 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (P2a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 44 22.78 ± 2.41  — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (P73a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 45 0.11 ± 0.01 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (T1b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 46 0.36 ± 0.03   472 ± 93.54   116 ± 14.35  17557 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (AA11b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 47 0.87 ± 0.18 3450 ± 721   210 ± 24.69 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (BB109a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 48 13.3 ± 0.9  15,591 >20,000 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (J34b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 49 1.29 ± 0.16 1707 ± 398   891 ± 97.57 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (L2a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 50 1.67 ± 0.13 18,005 >20,000 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (J2b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 51 22.94 ± 3.87  — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (P4a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 52 1.32 ± 0.2  4287 ± 708   216 ± 43.42 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (BB104a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 53 1.97 ± 0.14 1401 ± 178   225 ± 15.34  18902 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (BB119a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 54 3.53 ± 0.37 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (CC54b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 55 1.64 ± 0.14 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (CC53b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 56  3.1 ± 0.21 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (AA59b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 57 13.08 ± 1.21  — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (BB90a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 58 4.67 ± 0.57 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (CC354b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 59 4.74 ± 0.56 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (CC353b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 60 0.41 ± 0.04   254 ± 61.25  74.93 ± 15.18 >20,000 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (S1b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 61 0.91 ± 0.09  861 ± 165   458 ± 62.13 11459 ± 3095 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (BB29b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 62 1.26 ± 0.11  893 ± 168   304 ± 16.48 14268 ± 3712 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (AA3b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 63 0.51 ± 0.03  86.63 ± 19.25 22.53 ± 8.53  14878 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (R4a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 64  0.5 ± 0.04   268 ± 36.25  35.27 ± 11.65 13941 ± 1870 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (R2a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 65 4.88 ± 1.23 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (Z93a) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 66 0.41 ± 0.03 — — — 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (CC63b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 67 8.77 ± 0.5  —   104 ± 26.31 11073 ± 1513 1A2: >20 2C19: >20 2D6: >20 (G36b) 2C9: >20 3A4: >20 68 26.79 ± 1.96  — — — 1A2: — 2C19: — 2D6: — (B52a) 2C9: — 3A4: — 69 2.24 ± 0.11 27.98 ± 9.75   139 ± 36.54 3432 ± 144 1A2: — 2C19: — 2D6: — (H34b) 2C9: — 3A4: —

TABLE 30 Activity Response of Selected Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compounds GTPγS (EC₅₀: nM, Emax: %) [mean ± SEM] (ND = >20,000 nM) Opioid Receptor ORL-1 Mu Kappa Delta Cpd EC₅₀ E_(max) EC₅₀ E_(max) EC₅₀ E_(max) EC₅₀ E_(max)  1  2.29 ± 0.33 28.67 ± 0.88 ND — ND — 6931 ± 1461 37.33 ± 3.48 (Z74a)  2 19.5 ± 2.8 19 ± 4 — — — — — — (B50a)  3 32.21 ± 9.89 20.6 ± 1.2 — — — — — — (L49a)  4 42.2 ± 7.2 41.3 ± 3.7 — — — — — — (L1a)  5  6.73 ± 0.63 70.7 ± 2.9 ND — ND — — — (R6a)  6 12.0 ± .05 53.0 ± 2.7 — — — — — — (B2a)  7 ND — — — — — — — (B49a)  8 70.9 ± 8.9 44.0 ± 2.3  514 ± 62  82 ± 10 ND —  165 ± 14.29 108 ± 5  (V9a)  9 64 ± 8 117.7 ± 4.2  — — — — — — (F34b) 10 104 ± 12 101.7 ± 3.5  — — — — — — (F34a) 11  85 ± 15 13.3 ± 0.3 — — — — — — (B51a) 12 — — — — — — — — (G34b) 13  4.73 ± 0.61 33.0 ± 2.1 ND — ND — — — (B58a) 14 150 ± 14 37.3 ± 0.3 — — — — — — (A50a) 15  4.32 ± 0.26 57.33 ± 5.24 ND — ND — — — (AA9b) 16 48.47 ± 3.34 23.33 ± 2.96 — — — — — — (Z95a) 17  1.2 ± 0.15  64.5 ± 1.32 ND — ND — — — (H2b) 18 77.85 ± 3.96 106.67 ± 5.78  — — — — — — (F33b) 19 18.92 ± 1.76 55.67 ± 4.06 ND — ND — — — (AA1b) 20  7.1 ± 0.3 71.7 ± 2.4 ND — ND — — — (G2b) 21   239 ± 25.42  108 ± 1.73 — — — — — — (Z95b) 22 36.68 ± 3.18   36 ± 1.53 ND — ND — — — (W1b) 23 25.74 ± 3.21 56.33 ± 1.33 ND — ND — 1817 ± 150  54.33 ± 2.33 (BB7b) 24  6.4 ± 1.8 29.7 ± 2.3 ND — ND — — — (X1b) 25 15.72 ± 2     42 ± 1.53 ND — ND — — — (B66a) 26 20.0 ± 1.7 31.3 ± 1.9 ND −0.33 ± 0.67 ND — — — (B67a) 27  4.97 ± 0.93   24 ± 0.71 — — — — — — (N90a) 28  6.03 ± 0.09 54.7 ± 2.0 ND — ND — — — (N196a) 29  3.1 ± 0.5 20.5 ± 1.2 — — — — — — (N88a) 30 39.77 ± 8.59   39 ± 4.92 ND — ND — — — (B3a) 31  81.4 ± 18.98 32.25 ± 3.77 ND — ND — — — (B4a) 32 16.6 ± 2.9 82 ± 8 — — — — — — (H3b) 33 27.7 ± 7.4 63 ± 1 ND — ND — — — (H4b) 34 14.6 ± 3.3 49.3 ± 1.3 ND −1 ND — — — (N100a) 35 39.99 ± 3.7  53.67 ± 3.18 ND — ND — — — (N208a) 36 23.13 ± 2.56 60.33 ± 2.85 ND — ND — — — (G3b) 37 19.9 ± 4.4 70.3 ± 6.2 — — ND — — — (G4b) 38  4.5 ± 1.9 49.3 ± 8.7 ND −1 ND — — — (R1a) 39 25.29 ± 7.94 25.75 ± 2.29 — — ND — — — (R73a) 40 113 ± 31 34.7 ± 3.8 — — — — — — (P1a) 41  8.3 ± 0.6 43.0 ± 5.5 159.4 ± 9.3 22.3 ± 0.7 ND — — — (T49b) 42 ND — — — — — — — (P74a) 43 21.4 ± 1.4 26 ± 1 — — ND — — — (P2a) 44 ND — — — — — — — (P73a) 45  2.17 ± 0.34 81 ± 5 — — — — — — (T1b) 46  4.17 ± 1.52 76.67 ± 3.38 ND — ND — — — (AA11b) 47 34.67 ± 7.36 50.25 ± 2.29 — — ND — — — (BB109a) 48 149 ± 29 44 ± 5 — — — — — — (J34b) 49  96.96 ± 20.53   69 ± 3.21 — — ND — — — (L2a) 50 16.9 ± 3.8 75.0 ± 9.5 — — — — — — (J2b) 51 — — — — — — — — (P4a) 52 24.83 ± 6.98 30.67 ± 3.71 — — ND — — — (BB104a) 53  61.1 ± 6.76 36 ± 7 — — ND — — — (BB119a) 54  91.24 ± 15.19 21.33 ± 0.33 — — — — — — (CC54b) 55 16.41 ± 4.63 13.33 ± 1.2  — — — — — — (CC53b) 56 ND — — — — — — — (AA59b) 57 ND — — — — — — — (BB90a) 58 ND — — — — — — — (CC354b) 59 ND — — — — — — — (CC353b) 60 19.18 ± 5.93   35 ± 4.16 ND — ND 1 — — (S1b) 61  7.58 ± 1.33 29.75 ± 3.01 ND — ND 1 — — (BB29b) 62 22.95 ± 4.67 31.33 ± 1.76 ND — ND — — — (AA3b) 63  0.52 ± 0.09 42.67 ± 0.67 ND −0.33 ± 0.67 ND — — — (R4a) 64  1.21 ± 0.21 43.33 ± 0.88 ND — ND — — — (R2a) 65 ND −1 — — — — — — (Z93a) 66  1.81 ± 0.03 21.67 ± 2.03 — — — — — — (CC63b) 67  27.6 ± 1.47   27 ± 1.15 — — — — — — (G36b) 68  5.2 ± 0.84 39.33 ± 2.4  — — — — — — (B52a) 69 22.58 ± 5.39 10.67 ± 0.67 — — — — — — (H34b)

Example 45 In Vivo Assays for Prevention or Treatment of Pain

Test Animals: Each experiment uses rats weighing between 200-260 g at the start of the experiment. The rats are group-housed and have free access to food and water at all times, except prior to oral administration of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound when food is removed for 16 hours before dosing. A control group acts as a comparison to rats treated with an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. The control group is administered the carrier for the Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. The volume of carrier administered to the control group is the same as the volume of carrier and Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound administered to the test group.

Acute Pain: To assess the actions of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound for the treatment or prevention of acute pain, the rat tail flick test is used. Rats are gently restrained by hand and the tail exposed to a focused beam of radiant heat at a point 5 cm from the tip using a tail flick unit (Model 7360, commercially available from Ugo Basile of Italy). Tail flick latencies are defined as the interval between the onset of the thermal stimulus and the flick of the tail. Animals not responding within 20 seconds are removed from the tail flick unit and assigned a withdrawal latency of 20 seconds. Tail flick latencies are measured immediately before (pre-treatment) and 1, 3, and 5 hours following administration of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound. Data are expressed as tail flick latency(s) and the percentage of the maximal possible effect (% MPE), i.e., 20 seconds, is calculated as follows:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {MPE}} = {\frac{\left\lbrack {\left( {{post}\mspace{14mu} {administration}\mspace{14mu} {latency}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {latency}} \right)} \right\rbrack}{\left( {20\mspace{14mu} s\mspace{14mu} {pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {latency}} \right)} \times 100}$

The rat tail flick test is described in D'Amour et al., “A Method for Determining Loss of Pain Sensation,” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 72:74-79 (1941).

Inflammatory Pain: To assess the actions of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound for the treatment or prevention of inflammatory pain, the Freund's complete adjuvant (“FCA”) model of inflammatory pain is used. FCA-induced inflammation of the rat hind paw is associated with the development of persistent inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia and provides reliable prediction of the anti-hyperalgesic action of clinically useful analgesic drugs (Bartho et al., “Involvement of capsaicin-sensitive neurons in hyperalgesia and enhanced opioid antinociception in inflammation,” Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacol. 342:666-670 (1990)). The left hind paw of each animal is administered a 50 μL intraplantar injection of 50% FCA. 24 hour post injection, the animal is assessed for response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining the PWT, as described below. Rats are then administered a single injection of 1, 3, 10 or 30 mg/kg of either an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound; 30 mg/kg of a control selected from Celebrex, indomethacin, and naproxen; or carrier. Responses to noxious mechanical stimuli are then determined 1, 3, 5 and 24 hours post administration. Percentage reversal of hyperalgesia for each animal is defined as:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {Reversal}} = {\frac{\left\lbrack {\left( {{post}\mspace{14mu} {administration}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right)} \right\rbrack}{\left\lbrack {\left( {{baseline}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right)} \right\rbrack} \times 100}$

Neuropathic Pain: To assess the actions of an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound for the treatment or prevention of neuropathic pain, either the Seltzer model or the Chung model is used.

In the Seltzer model, the partial sciatic nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain is used to produce neuropathic hyperalgesia in rats (Seltzer et al., “A Novel Behavioral Model of Neuropathic Pain Disorders Produced in Rats by Partial Sciatic Nerve Injury,” Pain 43:205-218 (1990)). Partial ligation of the left sciatic nerve is performed under isoflurane/O₂ inhalation anesthesia. Following induction of anesthesia, the left thigh of the rat is shaved and the sciatic nerve exposed at high thigh level through a small incision and is carefully cleared of surrounding connective tissues at a site near the trocanther just distal to the point at which the posterior biceps semitendinosus nerve branches off of the common sciatic nerve. A 7-0 silk suture is inserted into the nerve with a ⅜ curved, reversed-cutting mini-needle and tightly ligated so that the dorsal ⅓ to ½ of the nerve thickness is held within the ligature. The wound is closed with a single muscle suture (4-0 nylon (Vicryl)) and vetbond tissue glue. The wound area is then dusted with antibiotic powder. Sham treatment involved an identical surgical procedure except that the sciatic nerve is not manipulated or ligated.

Following surgery, animals are weighed and placed on a warm pad until they recovered from anesthesia. Animals are then returned to their home cages until behavioral testing began. The animal is assessed for response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining PWT for the rear paw of the animal, as described below, prior to surgery (baseline), then immediately prior to and 1, 3, and 5 hours after oral drug-in-vehicle administration (for day 1). Thus, the 24 hour time point is the start of the next day when drug-in-vehicle was again orally administered (24 hours after the prior administration). On days 4 and 7, PWT response is determined 1, 3, and 5 hours thereafter. Percentage reversal of neuropathic hyperalgesia at each of the specified times after administration is defined as:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {Reversal}} = {\frac{\left\lbrack {\left( {{post}\mspace{14mu} {administration}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right)} \right\rbrack}{\left\lbrack {\left( {{baseline}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right)} \right\rbrack} \times 100}$

Additionally, 10 mg/kg of pregabalin (Kemprotec, Ltd., Middlesbrough, UK), an anticonvulsant accepted for relief of particular neuropathic pain, in vehicle and the vehicle alone (0.5% weight/volume methylcellulose (400 cP, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)/aqueous solution) are orally administered as controls. Eight rats that underwent partial ligation of the left sciatic nerve are used for each treatment group except for pregabalin, where six rats are treated. Dunnett's test is conducted for the % reversal; values with p<0.05 are considered to be statistically significant.

Additionally, as a control the rats undergo sham surgery in which an identical surgical procedure is followed with regard to the right thigh but the sciatic nerve is neither manipulated nor ligated.

In the Chung model, the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain is used to produce mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia in rats. Surgery is performed under isoflurane/O₂ inhalation anesthesia. Following induction of anesthesia, a 3 cm incision is made and the left paraspinal muscles are separated from the spinous process at the L₄-S₂ levels. The L₆ transverse process is carefully removed with a pair of small rongeurs to identify visually the L₄-L₆ spinal nerves. The left L₅ (or L₅ and L₆) spinal nerve(s) is isolated and tightly ligated with silk thread. A complete hemostasis is confirmed and the wound is sutured using non-absorbable sutures, such as nylon sutures or stainless steel staples. Sham-treated rats undergo an identical surgical procedure except that the spinal nerve(s) is not manipulated. Following surgery animals are weighed, administered a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of saline or ringers lactate, the wound area is dusted with antibiotic powder and they are kept on a warm pad until they recover from the anesthesia. Animals are then returned to their home cages until behavioral testing begins. The animals are assessed for response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining PWT, as described below, prior to surgery (baseline), then immediately prior to and 1, 3, and 5 hours after being administered an Oxime-Substituted Quinoxaline-Type Piperidine Compound for the left rear paw of the animal. The animal is also assessed for response to noxious thermal stimuli or for tactile allodynia, as described below. The Chung model for neuropathic pain is described in Kim, “An Experimental Model for Peripheral Neuropathy Produced by Segmental Spinal Nerve Ligation in the Rat,” Pain 50(3):355-363 (1992).

Response to Mechanical Stimuli as an Assessment of Mechanical Hyperalgesia: The paw pressure assay is used to assess mechanical hyperalgesia. For this assay, hind paw withdrawal thresholds (PWT) to a noxious mechanical stimulus are determined using an analgesymeter (Model 37215, commercially available from Ugo Basile of Italy) as described in Stein, “Unilateral Inflammation of the Hindpaw in Rats as a Model of Prolonged Noxious Stimulation: Alterations in Behavior and Nociceptive Thresholds,” Pharmacol. Biochem. Behavior 31:451-455 (1988). The maximum weight that can be applied to the hind paw is set at 250 g and the end point is taken as complete withdrawal of the paw. PWT is determined once for each rat at each time point and either only the affected (ipsilateral) paw is tested, or both the ipsilateral and contralateral (non-injured) paw are tested.

Response to Thermal Stimuli as an Assessment of Thermal Hyperalgesia: The plantar test is used to assess thermal hyperalgesia. For this test, hind paw withdrawal latencies to a noxious thermal stimulus are determined using a plantar test apparatus (commercially available from Ugo Basile of Italy) following the technique described by Hargreaves et al., “A New and Sensitive Method for Measuring Thermal Nociception in Cutaneous Hyperalgesia,” Pain 32(1):77-88 (1988). The maximum exposure time is set at 32 seconds to avoid tissue damage and any directed paw withdrawal from the heat source is taken as the end point. Three latencies are determined at each time point and averaged. Either only the affected (ipsilateral) paw is tested, or both the ipsilateral and contralateral (non-injured) paw are tested.

Assessment of Tactile Allodynia: To assess tactile allodynia, rats are placed in clear, plexiglass compartments with a wire mesh floor and allowed to habituate for a period of at least 15 minutes. After habituation, a series of von Frey monofilaments are presented to the plantar surface of the left (operated) foot of each rat. The series of von Frey monofilaments consists of six monofilaments of increasing diameter, with the smallest diameter fiber presented first. Five trials are conducted with each filament with each trial separated by approximately 2 minutes. Each presentation lasts for a period of 4-8 seconds or until a nociceptive withdrawal behavior is observed. Flinching, paw withdrawal or licking of the paw are considered nociceptive behavioral responses.

The invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments disclosed in the examples that are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the invention and any embodiments that are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. A number of references have been cited, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

6. EQUIVALENTS

The claimed invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments disclosed in the Examples, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the claimed invention. Embodiments that are functionally equivalent to those described herein are within the scope of the claimed invention. Indeed, various modifications of the claimed invention, in addition to those shown and described herein, may become apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to fall within the scope of the following claims.

Lastly, the entire disclosures of all publications and documents cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 

1-30. (canceled)
 31. A method for treating pain in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I):

wherein: Q is fused benzo or fused (5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl; each R² is independently selected from: (a) -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —OT, —ST, —N(T)₂, —C(═Y)T, —C(═Y)YT, —YC(═Y)T, —YC(═Y)YT, —C(═Y)N(T)₂, —N(T)C(═Y)T, —N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —YC(═Y)N(T)₂, —N(T)C(═Y)YT, —S(═O)_(p)T, —S(═O)_(p)OT, —OS(═O)_(p)T, —OS(═O)_(p)OT, —S(═O)_(p)N(T)₂, —N(T)S(═O)_(p)T, —N(T)S(═O)_(p)N(T)₂, —OS(═O)_(p)N(T)₂, and —N(T)S(═O)_(p)OT; (b) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₇-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkenyl, —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkoxy, -(5- or 6-membered)heterocyclyl, and -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups; and (c) -phenyl, -benzyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl, and -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁶ groups; Y¹ and each Y are independently selected from O and S;

denotes a double bond or a single bond at its position, provided that (a) if

denotes a double bond, then R³ and R⁴ are absent; and (b) if

denotes a single bond, then R³ and R⁴ are present; R³ and R⁴, if present, are independently selected from —H and —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from —OR⁷, —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —N(R⁷)₂, —C(═O)OR⁷, and —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂; R²⁰ is selected from: (a) —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups; (b) —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)YT; (c) —Y(CH₂)_(e)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, —Y(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂ and —N(T)(CH₂)₂YT; and (d) -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, and —NO₂; R²¹ is selected from: (a) —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups; (b) —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)YT; and (c) —(CH₂)_(e)YT and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂; A and B together form a (C₂-C₆)bridge, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 substituents independently selected from —OR⁷, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, and —CH₂(halo) and which bridge optionally contains a carbon-carbon double bond, —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—, wherein the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q ring is in the endo- or exo-configuration with respect to the A-B bridge; Z is selected from a direct bond, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl-, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl-, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-Y—, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-C(═Y)Y—, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-YC(═Y)—, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-N(R⁷)—, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-C(═Y)N(R⁷)—, and —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-N(R⁷)C(═Y)—, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁸ groups; R¹ is selected from —(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₇-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkenyl, —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkoxy, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocyclyl, and -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups; each T is independently selected from (a) —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, and -(5- or 6-membered)heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups, and, optionally, in which 1, 2, or 3 —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl carbon atoms except the carbon atom bonded directly to the atom to which T is attached is independently replaced by —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—; and (b) -phenyl, -benzyl, -naphthyl, and -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁶ groups; or two occurrences of T attached to the same nitrogen atom together form a 4- to 8-membered (C₂-C₇)ring, wherein the number of atoms in the ring includes the nitrogen atom, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups, and wherein 1 or 2 of the ring carbon atoms is optionally and independently replaced by —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—; each R⁵ is independently selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, ═O, ═S, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)OR⁷, —OC(═O)R⁷, —OC(═O)OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)C(═O)R⁷, —N(R⁷)C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —OC(═O)N(R⁷)₂, and —N(R⁷)C(═O)OR⁷; each R⁶ is independently selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)OR⁷, —OC(═O)R⁷, —OC(═O)OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)C(═O)R⁷, —N(R⁷)C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —OC(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)C(═O)OR⁷, —S(═O)_(p)R⁷, —S(═O)_(p)OR⁷, —OS(═O)_(p)R⁷, —OS(═O)_(p)OR⁷, —S(═O)_(p)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)S(═O)_(p)R⁷, —N(R⁷)S(═O)_(p)N(R⁷)₂, —OS(═O)_(p)N(R⁷)₂, and —N(R⁷)S(═O)_(p)OR⁷; each R⁷ is independently selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or two occurrences of R⁷ attached to the same nitrogen atom together form a 4- to 7-membered (C₂-C₆)ring, wherein the number of atoms in the ring includes the nitrogen atom, and wherein 1 or 2 of the ring carbon atoms is optionally and independently replaced by —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—; each R⁸ is independently selected from -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, ═O, ═S, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy; a is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4; each d is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; each e is an integer independently selected from 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; and each p is an integer independently selected from 1 and 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 32. (canceled)
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein Q is fused benzo or fused pyridyl.
 34. The method of claim 31, wherein

denotes a double bond, and R³ and R⁴ are absent.
 35. The method of claim 31, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.
 36. The method of claim 31, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)YT.
 37. The method of claim 31, wherein R²⁰ is selected from —Y(CH₂)_(e)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂, —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, —Y(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂, and —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)YT.
 38. The method of claim 31, wherein R²⁰ is selected from -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, and —NO₂.
 39. The method of claim 31, wherein R²¹ is selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.
 40. The method of claim 1, wherein R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)YT.
 41. The method of claim 31, wherein R²¹ is selected from —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂ and —(CH₂)_(e)YT.
 42. The method of claim 31, wherein a is
 0. 43. The method of claim 31, wherein the compound is of Formula (Ib):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 44. The method of claim 31, wherein Z is a direct bond or —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁸ groups.
 45. The method of claim 44, wherein Z is a direct bond.
 46. The method of claim 44, wherein Z is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁸ groups.
 47. The method of claim 31, wherein R¹ is selected from —(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, and —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.
 48. The method of claim 47, wherein R¹ is —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.
 49. The method of claim 47, wherein R¹ is —(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups.
 50. The method of claim 31, wherein —Z—R¹ is:


51. The method of claim 31, wherein —Z—R¹ is:

wherein R^(z) is —H or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 52. The method of claim 31, wherein —Z—R¹ is selected from:

and

wherein each R^(z) is independently —H or —(C₁-C₆)alkyl.
 53. The method of claim 31, wherein —Z—R¹ is:

wherein each R^(z) is independently selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, and —OH.
 54. The method of claim 31, wherein —Z—R¹ is selected from:

and


55. The method of claim 31, wherein A and B together form a bridge such that the bridged-piperidine is:

or

wherein each R^(d) is independently selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, and —CH₂(halo), wherein the piperidine nitrogen is optionally in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein A and B together form a bridge such that the bridged-piperidine is:

or

wherein the piperidine nitrogen is optionally in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.
 57. The method of claim 31, wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein M¹ is selected from:

and

and M² is selected from:

and

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 58. A method for treating pain in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound selected from:

and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 59. A method for treating pain in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I):

wherein: Q is fused benzo; each R² is independently selected from: (a) -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —OT, —ST, —N(T)₂, —C(═Y)T, —C(═Y)YT, —YC(═Y)T, —YC(═Y)YT, —C(═Y)N(T)₂, —N(T)C(═Y)T, —N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —YC(═Y)N(T)₂, —N(T)C(═Y)YT, —S(═O)_(p)T, —S(═O)_(p)OT, —OS(═O)_(p)T, —OS(═O)_(p)OT, —S(═O)_(p)N(T)₂, —N(T)S(═O)_(p)T, —N(T)S(═O)_(p)N(T)₂, —OS(═O)_(p)N(T)₂, and —N(T)S(═O)_(p)OT; (b) —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkoxy, —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl, —(C₆-C₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₇-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkenyl, —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkoxy, -(5- or 6-membered)heterocyclyl, and -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups; and (c) -phenyl, -benzyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl, and -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁶ groups; Y¹ and each Y are independently selected from O and S;

denotes a double bond or a single bond at its position, provided that (a) if

denotes a double bond, then R³ and R⁴ are absent; and (b) if

denotes a single bond, then R³ and R⁴ are present; R³ and R⁴, if present, are independently selected from —H and —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 groups independently selected from —OR⁷, —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —N(R⁷)₂, —C(═O)OR⁷, and —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂; R²⁰ is selected from: (a) —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups; (b) —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(d)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)C(═Y)YT; (c) —(CH₂)_(d)N(T)₂ and —N(T)(CH₂)_(e)YT; and (d) -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, and —NO₂; R²¹ is selected from: (a) —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, and —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups; (b) —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)YT, —(CH₂)_(d)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)T, —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)N(T)₂, —(CH₂)_(e)YC(═Y)N(T)₂, and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)C(═Y)YT; and (c) —(CH₂)_(e)YT and —(CH₂)_(e)N(T)₂; A and B together form a (C₂-C₆)bridge, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 substituents independently selected from —OR⁷, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, and —CH₂(halo) and which bridge optionally contains a carbon-carbon double bond, —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—, wherein the 6-membered, nitrogen-containing ring that is fused to the Q ring is in the endo- or exo-configuration with respect to the A-B bridge; Z is selected from a direct bond, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl-, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl-, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-Y—, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-C(═Y)Y—, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-YC(═Y)—, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-N(R⁷)—, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl-C(═Y)N(R⁷)—, and —(C₂-C₁₀)alkyl-N(R⁷)C(═Y)—, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R⁸ groups; R¹ is selected from —(C₃-C₁₄)cycloalkyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₇-C₂₀)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₇-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₂₀)tricycloalkenyl, —(C₃-C₇)cycloalkoxy, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocyclyl, and -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups; each T is independently selected from (a) —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, and -(5- or 6-membered)heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups, and, optionally, in which 1, 2, or 3 —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl carbon atoms except the carbon atom bonded directly to the atom to which T is attached is independently replaced by —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—; and (b) -phenyl, -benzyl, -naphthyl, and -(5- or 6-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁶ groups; or two occurrences of T attached to the same nitrogen atom together form a 4- to 8-membered (C₂-C₇)ring, wherein the number of atoms in the ring includes the nitrogen atom, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 independently selected R⁵ groups, and wherein 1 or 2 of the ring carbon atoms is optionally and independently replaced by —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—; each R⁵ is independently selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, ═O, ═S, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)OR⁷, —OC(═O)R⁷, —OC(═O)OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)C(═O)R⁷, —N(R⁷)C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —OC(═O)N(R⁷)₂, and —N(R⁷)C(═O)OR⁷; each R⁶ is independently selected from —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, —C(═O)R⁷, —C(═O)OR⁷, —OC(═O)R⁷, —OC(═O)OR⁷, —C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)C(═O)R⁷, —N(R⁷)C(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —OC(═O)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)C(═O)OR⁷, —S(═O)_(p)R⁷, —S(═O)_(p)OR⁷, —OS(═O)_(p)R⁷, —OS(═O)_(p)OR⁷, —S(═O)_(p)N(R⁷)₂, —N(R⁷)S(═O)_(p)R⁷, —N(R⁷)S(═O)_(p)N(R⁷)₂, —OS(═O)_(p)N(R⁷)₂, and —N(R⁷)S(═O)_(p)OR⁷; each R⁷ is independently selected from —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, or two occurrences of R⁷ attached to the same nitrogen atom together form a 4- to 7-membered (C₂-C₆)ring, wherein the number of atoms in the ring includes the nitrogen atom, and wherein 1 or 2 of the ring carbon atoms is optionally and independently replaced by —O—, —S—, or —N(R⁷)—; each R⁸ is independently selected from -halo, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —OR⁷, —SR⁷, —N(R⁷)₂, ═O, ═S, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —(C₁-C₄)alkoxy; a is an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4; each d is an integer independently selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; each e is an integer independently selected from 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6; and each p is an integer independently selected from 1 and 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 